Spring 實現策略模式–自定義註解方式解耦if…else

  • 2021 年 5 月 22 日
  • 筆記

策略模式

定義

定義一簇演算法類,將每個演算法分別封裝起來,讓他們可以互相替換,策略模式可以使演算法的變化獨立於使用它們的客戶端

場景

使用策略模式,可以避免冗長的if-else 或 switch分支判斷

實現

  1. 策略的定義

    策略的定義需要定義一個策略介面和一組實現這個介面的策略類,因為所有的策略類都實現相同的介面

public interface Strategy{
	void algorithm();
}

public class ConcreteStrategyA implements Strategy {
 @Override
 public void algorithm() {
 //具體的演算法...
 }
}
public class ConcreteStrategyB implements Strategy {
 @Override
 public void algorithm() {
 //具體的演算法...
 }
}
  1. 策略的創建

    在使用的時候,一般會通過類型來判斷創建哪個策略來使用,在策略上下文中,可以使用map維護好策略類

  2. 策略的使用

    策略模式包含一組可選策略,在使用策略時,一般如何確定使用哪個策略呢?最常見的是運行時動態確定使用哪種策略。程式在運行期間,根據配置、計算結果、網路等這些不確定因素,動態決定使用哪種策略

public class StrategyContext{
	private static final Map<String, Strategy> strategies = new HashMap<>();
    
	static {
     strategies.put("A", new ConcreteStrategyA());
     strategies.put("B", new ConcreteStrategyB());
    }
    
    private static Strategy getStrategy(String type) {
         if (type == null || type.isEmpty()) {
    	     throw new IllegalArgumentException("type should not be empty.");
         }
         return strategies.get(type);
	}
    
    public void algorithm(String type){
        Strategy strategy = this.getStrategy(type);
        strategy.algorithm();
    }
}

UML

策略模式的創建和使用–Spring和自定義註解

在介紹策略模式時,在上下文中使用了map存儲好的策略實例,在根據type獲取具體的策略,調用策略演算法。
當需要添加一種策略時,需要修改context程式碼,這違反了開閉原則:對修改關閉,對擴展開放。

要實現對擴展開放,就要對type和具體的策略實現類在程式碼中進行關聯,可以使用自定義註解的方式,在註解中指定策略的type。
策略上下文實現類實現 BeanPostProcessor 介面,在該介面中編寫策略類型與bean的關係並維護到策略上下文中。

package com.masterlink.strategy;

import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.aop.support.AopUtils;
import org.springframework.beans.BeansException;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanPostProcessor;
import org.springframework.core.Ordered;
import org.springframework.core.annotation.AnnotatedElementUtils;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;

@Slf4j
@Component
public class StrategyDemoBeanPostProcessor implements BeanPostProcessor, Ordered {

    private final Set<Class<?>> nonAnnotatedClasses = Collections.newSetFromMap(new ConcurrentHashMap<>(64));

    private final StrategyContext strategyContext;

    private StrategyDemoBeanPostProcessor(StrategyContext context) {
        this.strategyContext = context;
    }

    @Override
    public int getOrder() {
        return LOWEST_PRECEDENCE;
    }

    @Override
    public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(final Object bean, final String beanName) throws BeansException {

        if (!this.nonAnnotatedClasses.contains(bean.getClass())) {
            // 獲取使用 @StrategyDemo 註解的Class資訊
            Class<?> targetClass = AopUtils.getTargetClass(bean);
            Class<Strategy> orderStrategyClass = (Class<Strategy>) targetClass;
            StrategyDemo ann = findAnnotation(targetClass);
            if (ann != null) {
                processListener(ann, orderStrategyClass);
            }
        }
        return bean;
    }

    @Override
    public Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
        return bean;
    }

    protected void processListener(StrategyDemo annotation,
                                   Class<Strategy> classes) {
        // 註冊策略
        this.strategyContext
                .registerStrategy(annotation.type(), classes);
    }

    private StrategyDemo findAnnotation(Class<?> clazz) {

        StrategyDemo ann = AnnotatedElementUtils.findMergedAnnotation(clazz, StrategyDemo.class);
        return ann;
    }

}


@Component
public class StrategyContext implements ApplicationContextAware {
    private final Map<String, Class<Strategy>> strategyClassMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(64);

    private final Map<String, Strategy> beanMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(64);

    private ApplicationContext applicationContext;

    /**
     * 註冊策略
     * @param type
     * @param strategyClass
     */
    public void registerStrategy(String type, Class<Strategy> strategyClass){
        if (strategyClassMap.containsKey(type)){
            throw new RuntimeException("strategy type:"+type+" exist");
        }
        strategyClassMap.put(type, strategyClass);
    }

    /**
     * 執行策略
     * @param type
     */
    public void algorithm(String type){
        Strategy strategy = this.getStrategy(type);
        strategy.algorithm();
    }

    private Strategy getStrategy(String type) {
        if (type == null || type.isEmpty()) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("type should not be empty.");
        }
        Class<Strategy> strategyClass = strategyClassMap.get(type);
        return createOrGetStrategy(type, strategyClass);
    }

    private Strategy createOrGetStrategy(String type,Class<Strategy> strategyClass ){
        if (beanMap.containsKey(type)){
            return beanMap.get(type);
        }
        Strategy strategy = this.applicationContext.getBean(strategyClass);
        beanMap.put(type, strategy);
        return strategy;
    }

    @Override
    public void setApplicationContext(ApplicationContext applicationContext) throws BeansException {
        this.applicationContext = applicationContext;
    }
}

實用案例

在我們的平台中,有一部分是使用的netty框架編寫的tcp服務,在服務端,需要將二進位轉換為對象,在協議設計階段,定義第一個位元組表示對象類型,比如int,String等,第二三個位元組,表示數據長度,後面的位元組位傳輸內容。
比如,
0x01, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09,解析出來的內容是int類型數字9。
0x02, 0x00, 0x03, 0x31, 0x32, 0x33, 解析出的內容是String類型,內容是 123。
在不使用策略模式的時候,需要將第一個位元組解析出來,然會使用if–else判斷類型,對後繼的位元組進行解析。
在實際的實現過程中,是使用了策略模式,並且使用註解的方式表示數據類型,實現過程如下。

定義策略介面和註解

定義 CodecStrategyType 註解和編碼解碼器的策略介面 CodecStrategy

@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
public @interface CodecStrategyType {
    /**
     * 編碼解碼類型
     * @return
     */
    byte type();
}

public interface CodecStrategy<T> {
    T decoding(byte[] buffer);
}

/*
* 通用解碼介面
 */
public interface Codec {
    Object decoding(byte[] bytes);
}


策略實現

實現兩種類型的解碼器: Integer  和 String

/**
 * integer解碼
 */
@CodecStrategyType(type = (byte)0x01)
@Service
public class IntgerCodecStrategy implements CodecStrategy<Integer> {
    
    @Override
    public Integer decoding(byte[] buffer) {
        int value;
        value = (int) ((buffer[3] & 0xFF)
                | ((buffer[2] & 0xFF)<<8)
                | ((buffer[1] & 0xFF)<<16)
                | ((buffer[0] & 0xFF)<<24));
        return value;
    }
}

@CodecStrategyType(type = (byte)0x02)
@Service
public class StringCodecStrategy implements CodecStrategy<String> {

    @Override
    public String decoding(byte[] bufferr) {
        return new String(bufferr);
    }
}

策略上下文和策略註冊

策略上下文類 CodecStrategyContext 提供了統一解碼入口,將 byte[] 轉換為 Object 類型,同時提供策略的註解介面 void registerStrategy(Byte type, Class<CodecStrategy<?>> strategyClass) ,註冊解碼類型對應的策略實現類。
策略上下文類同時還提供了策略Bean的創建,根據類型從Spring 的 ApplicationContext 獲取策略bean,並快取到map。
策略Bean處理類 CodecStrategyTypeBeanPostProcessor 中解析 CodecStrategyType 註解中指定的類型。


@Component
public class CodecStrategyContext implements ApplicationContextAware, Codec {
    private final Map<Byte, Class<CodecStrategy<?>>> strategyClassMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(64);

    private final Map<Byte, CodecStrategy<?>> beanMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(64);

    private ApplicationContext applicationContext;

    /**
     * 註冊策略
     * @param type
     * @param strategyClass
     */
    public void registerStrategy(Byte type, Class<CodecStrategy<?>> strategyClass){
        if (strategyClassMap.containsKey(type)){
            throw new RuntimeException("strategy type:"+type+" exist");
        }
        strategyClassMap.put(type, strategyClass);
    }

    /**
     * 執行策略
     */
    @Override
    public Object decoding(byte[] bytes){
        Byte type = bytes[0];
        CodecStrategy<?> strategy =this.getStrategy(type);
        byte l1 = bytes[1];
        byte l2= bytes[2];
        short length =  (short) ((l2 & 0xFF)
                | ((l1 & 0xFF)<<8));
        byte[] contentBytes = new byte[length];
        arraycopy(bytes,3,contentBytes,0, length);
        return strategy.decoding(contentBytes);
    }

    private CodecStrategy<?> getStrategy(Byte type) {
        Class<CodecStrategy<?>> strategyClass = strategyClassMap.get(type);
        return createOrGetStrategy(type, strategyClass);
    }

    private CodecStrategy<?> createOrGetStrategy(Byte type, Class<CodecStrategy<?>> strategyClass ){
        if (beanMap.containsKey(type)){
            return beanMap.get(type);
        }
        CodecStrategy<?> strategy = this.applicationContext.getBean(strategyClass);
        beanMap.put(type, strategy);
        return strategy;
    }

    @Override
    public void setApplicationContext(ApplicationContext applicationContext) throws BeansException {
        this.applicationContext = applicationContext;
    }
}

@Component
public class CodecStrategyTypeBeanPostProcessor implements BeanPostProcessor, Ordered {

    private final Set<Class<?>> nonAnnotatedClasses = Collections.newSetFromMap(new ConcurrentHashMap<>(64));

    private final CodecStrategyContext strategyContext;

    private CodecStrategyTypeBeanPostProcessor(CodecStrategyContext context) {
        this.strategyContext = context;
    }

    @Override
    public int getOrder() {
        return LOWEST_PRECEDENCE;
    }

    @Override
    public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(final Object bean, final String beanName) throws BeansException {

        if (!this.nonAnnotatedClasses.contains(bean.getClass())) {
            // 獲取使用 @StrategyDemo 註解的Class資訊
            Class<?> targetClass = AopUtils.getTargetClass(bean);
            Class<CodecStrategy<?>> orderStrategyClass = (Class<CodecStrategy<?>>) targetClass;
            CodecStrategyType ann = findAnnotation(targetClass);
            if (ann != null) {
                processListener(ann, orderStrategyClass);
            }
        }
        return bean;
    }

    @Override
    public Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
        return bean;
    }

    protected void processListener(CodecStrategyType annotation,
                                   Class<CodecStrategy<?>> classes) {
        // 註冊策略
        this.strategyContext
                .registerStrategy(annotation.type(), classes);
    }

    private CodecStrategyType findAnnotation(Class<?> clazz) {

        CodecStrategyType ann = AnnotatedElementUtils.findMergedAnnotation(clazz, CodecStrategyType.class);
        return ann;
    }

}

使用和測試

測試Integer和String類型的策略:

  1. 0x01, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09,解析出來的內容是int類型數字9。
  2. 0x02, 0x00, 0x03, 0x31, 0x32, 0x33, 解析出的內容是String類型,內容是 123。

@ExtendWith(SpringExtension.class)
@ContextConfiguration(classes = {CodecStrategyTest.CodecStrategyTestConfig.class})
public class CodecStrategyTest {

    @Resource
    Codec codec;

    @Test
    public void testInterDecoding(){
        byte[] buffer = new byte[]{
                0x01,0x00,  0x04, 0x00, 0x00,0x00, 0x09
        };
        Integer decoding = (Integer)codec.decoding(buffer);
        assertThat(decoding)
                .isNotNull()
                .isEqualTo(9);
    }

    @Test
    public void testStringDecoding(){
        byte[] buffer = new byte[]{
                0x02, 0x00, 0x03, 0x31, 0x32,0x33
        };
        String decoding = (String)codec.decoding(buffer);
        assertThat(decoding)
                .isNotNull()
                .isEqualTo("123");
    }

    @ComponentScan({"com.masterlink.strategy"})
    @Configuration
    public static class CodecStrategyTestConfig {
    }
}

擴展複雜類型

自定義複雜類型User類,對應協議類型為 0xA0, 第2 、3 位元組表示整個對象的欄位長度,緊接著是 Integer 類型的age 和 String 類型的name,
比如 0xA0, 0x00 0x10 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x17, 0x00, 0x08, 0x5A,0x68,0x61,0x6E,0x67,0x53, 0x61,0x6E, 對應的user對象是

{
  "age": 23,
  "name": "ZhangSan"
}
@Data
public class User {
    private Integer age;
    private String name;
}

實現解碼策略類

已知 User 中的基礎類型依賴了 Integer 和 String ,所以在User的解碼策略類中,依賴了 IntgerCodecStrategy 和 StringCodecStrategy


@CodecStrategyType(type = (byte) (0xA0))
@Service
public class UserCodeStrategy implements CodecStrategy<User> {
    private final StringCodecStrategy stringCodecStrategy;
    private final IntgerCodecStrategy intgerCodecStrategy;

    public UserCodeStrategy(StringCodecStrategy stringCodecStrategy, IntgerCodecStrategy intgerCodecStrategy) {
        this.stringCodecStrategy = stringCodecStrategy;
        this.intgerCodecStrategy = intgerCodecStrategy;
    }

    @Override
    public User decoding(byte[] buffer) {
        byte ageL1 = buffer[0];
        byte ageL2 = buffer[1];
        short ageLength =  (short) ((ageL2 & 0xFF)
                | ((ageL1 & 0xFF)<<8));
        byte[] ageBytes = new byte[ageLength];
        System.arraycopy(buffer,2, ageBytes,0,ageLength);

        byte nameL1 = buffer[0+ageLength];
        byte nameL2 = buffer[1+ageLength];

        short nameLength =  (short) ((nameL2 & 0xFF)
                | ((nameL1 & 0xFF)<<8));

        byte[] nameBytes = new byte[nameLength];
        System.arraycopy(buffer,2+ageLength+2, nameBytes,0,nameLength);

        User user = new User();
        user.setAge(intgerCodecStrategy.decoding(ageBytes));
        user.setName(stringCodecStrategy.decoding(nameBytes));
        return user;
    }
}

測試

通過測試可以發現很輕鬆的就擴展了一個複雜類型的解碼演算法,這樣隨著協議的增加,可以做到對修改程式碼關閉,對擴展程式碼開放,符合開閉原則。


    @Test
    public void testUserDecoding(){
        byte[] buffer = new byte[]{
                (byte)0xA0, (byte)0x00 ,(byte)0x10 ,(byte)0x00, (byte)0x04,
                (byte)0x00, (byte)0x00, (byte)0x00, (byte)0x17, (byte)0x00,
                (byte)0x08, (byte)0x5A, (byte)0x68, (byte)0x61, (byte)0x6E,
                (byte)0x67, (byte)0x53, (byte)0x61, (byte)0x6E
        };
        User user = (User)codec.decoding(buffer);
        assertThat(user)
                .isNotNull();
        assertThat(user.getAge()).isEqualTo(23);
        assertThat(user.getName()).isEqualTo("ZhangSan");
    }

總結

  1. 使用策略模式,可以避免冗長的if-else 或 switch分支判斷
  2. 掌握自定義註解的是使用方式
  3. 與使用 @Service("name") 註解相比,自定義註解方式支撐和擴展的類型或更靈活

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