玩转Mysql系列 – 第7篇:详解排序和分页(order by & limit),及存在的坑

  • 2019 年 10 月 4 日
  • 筆記

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这是Mysql系列第7篇。

环境:mysql5.7.25,cmd命令中进行演示。

代码中被[]包含的表示可选,|符号分开的表示可选其一。

本章内容

  1. 详解排序查询
  2. 详解limit
  3. limit存在的坑
  4. 分页查询中的坑

排序查询(order by)

电商中:我们想查看今天所有成交的订单,按照交易额从高到低排序,此时我们可以使用数据库中的排序功能来完成。

排序语法:

select 字段名 from 表名 order by 字段1 [asc|desc],字段2 [asc|desc];  

需要排序的字段跟在order by之后; asc|desc表示排序的规则,asc:升序,desc:降序,默认为asc; 支持多个字段进行排序,多字段排序之间用逗号隔开。

单字段排序

mysql> create table test2(a int,b varchar(10));  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)    mysql> insert into test2 values (10,'jack'),(8,'tom'),(5,'ready'),(100,'javacode');  Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)  Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0    mysql> select * from test2;  +------+----------+  | a    | b        |  +------+----------+  |   10 | jack     |  |    8 | tom      |  |    5 | ready    |  |  100 | javacode |  +------+----------+  4 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select * from test2 order by a asc;  +------+----------+  | a    | b        |  +------+----------+  |    5 | ready    |  |    8 | tom      |  |   10 | jack     |  |  100 | javacode |  +------+----------+  4 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select * from test2 order by a desc;  +------+----------+  | a    | b        |  +------+----------+  |  100 | javacode |  |   10 | jack     |  |    8 | tom      |  |    5 | ready    |  +------+----------+  4 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select * from test2 order by a;  +------+----------+  | a    | b        |  +------+----------+  |    5 | ready    |  |    8 | tom      |  |   10 | jack     |  |  100 | javacode |  +------+----------+  4 rows in set (0.00 sec)  

多字段排序

比如学生表,先按学生年龄降序,年龄相同时,再按学号升序,如下:

mysql> create table stu(id int not null comment '学号' primary key,age tinyint not null comment '年龄',name varchar(16) comment '姓名');  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)    mysql> insert into stu (id,age,name) values (1001,18,'路人甲Java'),(1005,20,'刘德华'),(1003,18,'张学友'),(1004,20,'张国荣'),(1010,19,'梁朝伟');  Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.00 sec)  Records: 5  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0    mysql> select * from stu;  +------+-----+---------------+  | id   | age | name          |  +------+-----+---------------+  | 1001 |  18 | 路人甲Java    |  | 1003 |  18 | 张学友        |  | 1004 |  20 | 张国荣        |  | 1005 |  20 | 刘德华        |  | 1010 |  19 | 梁朝伟        |  +------+-----+---------------+  5 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select * from stu order by age desc,id asc;  +------+-----+---------------+  | id   | age | name          |  +------+-----+---------------+  | 1004 |  20 | 张国荣        |  | 1005 |  20 | 刘德华        |  | 1010 |  19 | 梁朝伟        |  | 1001 |  18 | 路人甲Java    |  | 1003 |  18 | 张学友        |  +------+-----+---------------+  5 rows in set (0.00 sec)  

按别名排序

mysql> select * from stu;  +------+-----+---------------+  | id   | age | name          |  +------+-----+---------------+  | 1001 |  18 | 路人甲Java    |  | 1003 |  18 | 张学友        |  | 1004 |  20 | 张国荣        |  | 1005 |  20 | 刘德华        |  | 1010 |  19 | 梁朝伟        |  +------+-----+---------------+  5 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select age '年龄',id as '学号' from stu order by 年龄 asc,学号 desc;  +--------+--------+  | 年龄   | 学号   |  +--------+--------+  |     18 |   1003 |  |     18 |   1001 |  |     19 |   1010 |  |     20 |   1005 |  |     20 |   1004 |  +--------+--------+  

按函数排序

有学生表(id:编号,birth:出生日期,name:姓名),如下:

mysql> drop table if exists student;  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)    mysql> CREATE TABLE student (      ->   id int(11) NOT NULL COMMENT '学号',      ->   birth date NOT NULL COMMENT '出生日期',      ->   name varchar(16) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '姓名',      ->   PRIMARY KEY (id)      -> );  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)    mysql> insert into student (id,birth,name) values (1001,'1990-10-10','路人甲Java'),(1005,'1960-03-01','刘德华'),(1003,'1960-08-16','张学友'),(1004,'1968-07-01','张国荣'),(1010,'1962-05-16','梁朝伟');  Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.00 sec)  Records: 5  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0    mysql>  mysql> SELECT * FROM student;  +------+------------+---------------+  | id   | birth      | name          |  +------+------------+---------------+  | 1001 | 1990-10-10 | 路人甲Java    |  | 1003 | 1960-08-16 | 张学友        |  | 1004 | 1968-07-01 | 张国荣        |  | 1005 | 1960-03-01 | 刘德华        |  | 1010 | 1962-05-16 | 梁朝伟        |  +------+------------+---------------+  5 rows in set (0.00 sec)  

需求:按照出生年份升序、编号升序,查询出编号、出生日期、出生年份、姓名,2种写法如下:

mysql> SELECT id 编号,birth 出生日期,year(birth) 出生年份,name 姓名 from student ORDER BY year(birth) asc,id asc;  +--------+--------------+--------------+---------------+  | 编号   | 出生日期     | 出生年份     | 姓名          |  +--------+--------------+--------------+---------------+  |   1003 | 1960-08-16   |         1960 | 张学友        |  |   1005 | 1960-03-01   |         1960 | 刘德华        |  |   1010 | 1962-05-16   |         1962 | 梁朝伟        |  |   1004 | 1968-07-01   |         1968 | 张国荣        |  |   1001 | 1990-10-10   |         1990 | 路人甲Java    |  +--------+--------------+--------------+---------------+  5 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> SELECT id 编号,birth 出生日期,year(birth) 出生年份,name 姓名 from student ORDER BY 出生年份 asc,id asc;  +--------+--------------+--------------+---------------+  | 编号   | 出生日期     | 出生年份     | 姓名          |  +--------+--------------+--------------+---------------+  |   1003 | 1960-08-16   |         1960 | 张学友        |  |   1005 | 1960-03-01   |         1960 | 刘德华        |  |   1010 | 1962-05-16   |         1962 | 梁朝伟        |  |   1004 | 1968-07-01   |         1968 | 张国荣        |  |   1001 | 1990-10-10   |         1990 | 路人甲Java    |  +--------+--------------+--------------+---------------+  5 rows in set (0.00 sec)  

说明: year函数:属于日期函数,可以获取对应日期中的年份。 上面使用了2种方式排序,第一种是在order by中使用了函数,第二种是使用了别名排序。

where之后进行排序

有订单数据如下:

mysql> drop table if exists t_order;  Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)    mysql> create table t_order(      ->   id int not null auto_increment comment '订单编号',      ->   price decimal(10,2) not null default 0 comment '订单金额',      ->   primary key(id)      -> )comment '订单表';  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)    mysql> insert into t_order (price) values (88.95),(100.68),(500),(300),(20.88),(200.5);  Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.00 sec)  Records: 6  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0    mysql> select * from t_order;  +----+--------+  | id | price  |  +----+--------+  |  1 |  88.95 |  |  2 | 100.68 |  |  3 | 500.00 |  |  4 | 300.00 |  |  5 |  20.88 |  |  6 | 200.50 |  +----+--------+  6 rows in set (0.00 sec)  

需求:查询订单金额>=100的,按照订单金额降序排序,显示2列数据,列头:订单编号、订单金额,如下:

mysql> select a.id 订单编号,a.price 订单金额 from t_order a where a.price>=100 order by a.price desc;  +--------------+--------------+  | 订单编号     | 订单金额     |  +--------------+--------------+  |            3 |       500.00 |  |            4 |       300.00 |  |            6 |       200.50 |  |            2 |       100.68 |  +--------------+--------------+  4 rows in set (0.00 sec)  

limit介绍

limit用来限制select查询返回的行数,常用于分页等操作。

语法:

select 列 from 表 limit [offset,] count;  

说明: offset:表示偏移量,通俗点讲就是跳过多少行,offset可以省略,默认为0,表示跳过0行;范围:[0,+∞)。 count:跳过offset行之后开始取数据,取count行记录;范围:[0,+∞)。 limit中offset和count的值不能用表达式。

下面我们列一些常用的示例来加深理解。

获取前n行记录

select 列 from 表 limit 0,n;  或者  select 列 from 表 limit n;  

示例,获取订单的前2条记录,如下:

mysql> create table t_order(      ->   id int not null auto_increment comment '订单编号',      ->   price decimal(10,2) not null default 0 comment '订单金额',      ->   primary key(id)      -> )comment '订单表';  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)    mysql> insert into t_order (price) values (88.95),(100.68),(500),(300),(20.88),(200.5);  Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.01 sec)  Records: 6  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0    mysql> select * from t_order;  +----+--------+  | id | price  |  +----+--------+  |  1 |  88.95 |  |  2 | 100.68 |  |  3 | 500.00 |  |  4 | 300.00 |  |  5 |  20.88 |  |  6 | 200.50 |  +----+--------+  6 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select a.id 订单编号,a.price 订单金额 from t_order a limit 2;  +--------------+--------------+  | 订单编号     | 订单金额     |  +--------------+--------------+  |            1 |        88.95 |  |            2 |       100.68 |  +--------------+--------------+  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select a.id 订单编号,a.price 订单金额 from t_order a limit 0,2;  +--------------+--------------+  | 订单编号     | 订单金额     |  +--------------+--------------+  |            1 |        88.95 |  |            2 |       100.68 |  +--------------+--------------+  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)  

获取最大的一条记录

我们需要获取订单金额最大的一条记录,可以这么做:先按照金额降序,然后取第一条记录,如下:

mysql> select a.id 订单编号,a.price 订单金额 from t_order a order by a.price desc;  +--------------+--------------+  | 订单编号     | 订单金额     |  +--------------+--------------+  |            3 |       500.00 |  |            4 |       300.00 |  |            6 |       200.50 |  |            2 |       100.68 |  |            1 |        88.95 |  |            5 |        20.88 |  +--------------+--------------+  6 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select a.id 订单编号,a.price 订单金额 from t_order a order by a.price desc limit 1;  +--------------+--------------+  | 订单编号     | 订单金额     |  +--------------+--------------+  |            3 |       500.00 |  +--------------+--------------+  1 row in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select a.id 订单编号,a.price 订单金额 from t_order a order by a.price desc limit 0,1;  +--------------+--------------+  | 订单编号     | 订单金额     |  +--------------+--------------+  |            3 |       500.00 |  +--------------+--------------+  1 row in set (0.00 sec)  

获取排名第n到m的记录

我们需要先跳过n-1条记录,然后取m-n+1条记录,如下:

select 列 from 表 limit n-1,m-n+1;  

如:我们想获取订单金额最高的3到5名的记录,我们需要跳过2条,然后获取3条记录,如下:

mysql> select a.id 订单编号,a.price 订单金额 from t_order a order by a.price desc;  +--------------+--------------+  | 订单编号     | 订单金额     |  +--------------+--------------+  |            3 |       500.00 |  |            4 |       300.00 |  |            6 |       200.50 |  |            2 |       100.68 |  |            1 |        88.95 |  |            5 |        20.88 |  +--------------+--------------+  6 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select a.id 订单编号,a.price 订单金额 from t_order a order by a.price desc limit 2,3;  +--------------+--------------+  | 订单编号     | 订单金额     |  +--------------+--------------+  |            6 |       200.50 |  |            2 |       100.68 |  |            1 |        88.95 |  +--------------+--------------+  3 rows in set (0.00 sec)  

分页查询

开发过程中,分页我们经常使用,分页一般有2个参数:

page:表示第几页,从1开始,范围[1,+∞)

pageSize:每页显示多少条记录,范围[1,+∞)

如:page = 2,pageSize = 10,表示获取第2页10条数据。

我们使用limit实现分页,语法如下:

select 列 from 表名 limit (page - 1) * pageSize,pageSize;  

需求:我们按照订单金额降序,每页显示2条,依次获取所有订单数据、第1页、第2页、第3页数据,如下:

mysql> select a.id 订单编号,a.price 订单金额 from t_order a order by a.price desc;  +--------------+--------------+  | 订单编号     | 订单金额     |  +--------------+--------------+  |            3 |       500.00 |  |            4 |       300.00 |  |            6 |       200.50 |  |            2 |       100.68 |  |            1 |        88.95 |  |            5 |        20.88 |  +--------------+--------------+  6 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select a.id 订单编号,a.price 订单金额 from t_order a order by a.price desc limit 0,2;  +--------------+--------------+  | 订单编号     | 订单金额     |  +--------------+--------------+  |            3 |       500.00 |  |            4 |       300.00 |  +--------------+--------------+  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select a.id 订单编号,a.price 订单金额 from t_order a order by a.price desc limit 2,2;  +--------------+--------------+  | 订单编号     | 订单金额     |  +--------------+--------------+  |            6 |       200.50 |  |            2 |       100.68 |  +--------------+--------------+  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select a.id 订单编号,a.price 订单金额 from t_order a order by a.price desc limit 4,2;  +--------------+--------------+  | 订单编号     | 订单金额     |  +--------------+--------------+  |            1 |        88.95 |  |            5 |        20.88 |  +--------------+--------------+  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)  

避免踩坑

limit中不能使用表达式

mysql> select * from t_order where limit 1,4+1;  ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'limit 1,4+1' at line 1  mysql> select * from t_order where limit 1+0;  ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'limit 1+0' at line 1  mysql>  

结论:limit后面只能够跟明确的数字。

limit后面的2个数字不能为负数

mysql> select * from t_order where limit -1;  ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'limit -1' at line 1  mysql> select * from t_order where limit 0,-1;  ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'limit 0,-1' at line 1  mysql> select * from t_order where limit -1,-1;  ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'limit -1,-1' at line 1  

排序分页存在的坑

准备数据:

mysql> insert into test1 (b) values (1),(2),(3),(4),(2),(2),(2),(2);  Query OK, 8 rows affected (0.01 sec)  Records: 8  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0    mysql> select * from test1;  +---+---+  | a | b |  +---+---+  | 1 | 1 |  | 2 | 2 |  | 3 | 3 |  | 4 | 4 |  | 5 | 2 |  | 6 | 2 |  | 7 | 2 |  | 8 | 2 |  +---+---+  8 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc;  +---+---+  | a | b |  +---+---+  | 1 | 1 |  | 2 | 2 |  | 5 | 2 |  | 6 | 2 |  | 7 | 2 |  | 8 | 2 |  | 3 | 3 |  | 4 | 4 |  +---+---+  8 rows in set (0.00 sec)  

下面我们按照b升序,每页2条数据,来获取数据。

下面的sql依次为第1页、第2页、第3页、第4页、第5页的数据,如下:

mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc limit 0,2;  +---+---+  | a | b |  +---+---+  | 1 | 1 |  | 2 | 2 |  +---+---+  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc limit 2,2;  +---+---+  | a | b |  +---+---+  | 8 | 2 |  | 6 | 2 |  +---+---+  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc limit 4,2;  +---+---+  | a | b |  +---+---+  | 6 | 2 |  | 7 | 2 |  +---+---+  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc limit 6,2;  +---+---+  | a | b |  +---+---+  | 3 | 3 |  | 4 | 4 |  +---+---+  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc limit 7,2;  +---+---+  | a | b |  +---+---+  | 4 | 4 |  +---+---+  1 row in set (0.00 sec)  

上面有2个问题:

问题1:看一下第2个sql和第3个sql,分别是第2页和第3页的数据,结果出现了相同的数据,是不是懵逼了。

问题2:整个表只有8条记录,怎么会出现第5页的数据呢,又懵逼了。

我们来分析一下上面的原因:主要是b字段存在相同的值,当排序过程中存在相同的值时,没有其他排序规则时,mysql懵逼了,不知道怎么排序了。

就像我们上学站队一样,按照身高排序,那身高一样的时候如何排序呢?身高一样的就乱排了。

建议:排序中存在相同的值时,需要再指定一个排序规则,通过这种排序规则不存在二义性,比如上面可以再加上a降序,如下:

mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc,a desc;  +---+---+  | a | b |  +---+---+  | 1 | 1 |  | 8 | 2 |  | 7 | 2 |  | 6 | 2 |  | 5 | 2 |  | 2 | 2 |  | 3 | 3 |  | 4 | 4 |  +---+---+  8 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc,a desc limit 0,2;  +---+---+  | a | b |  +---+---+  | 1 | 1 |  | 8 | 2 |  +---+---+  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc,a desc limit 2,2;  +---+---+  | a | b |  +---+---+  | 7 | 2 |  | 6 | 2 |  +---+---+  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc,a desc limit 4,2;  +---+---+  | a | b |  +---+---+  | 5 | 2 |  | 2 | 2 |  +---+---+  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc,a desc limit 6,2;  +---+---+  | a | b |  +---+---+  | 3 | 3 |  | 4 | 4 |  +---+---+  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc,a desc limit 8,2;  Empty set (0.00 sec)  

看上面的结果,分页数据都正常了,第5页也没有数据了。

总结

  • order by … [asc|desc]用于对查询结果排序,asc:升序,desc:降序,asc|desc可以省略,默认为asc
  • limit用来限制查询结果返回的行数,有2个参数(offset,count),offset:表示跳过多少行,count:表示跳过offset行之后取count行
  • limit中offset可以省略,默认值为0
  • limit中offset 和 count都必须大于等于0
  • limit中offset和count的值不能用表达式
  • 分页排序时,排序不要有二义性,二义性情况下可能会导致分页结果乱序,可以在后面追加一个主键排序

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