Spring入门(十五):使用Spring JDBC操作数据库
- 2019 年 10 月 14 日
- 筆記
在本系列的之前博客中,我们从没有讲解过操作数据库的方法,但是在实际的工作中,几乎所有的系统都离不开数据的持久化,所以掌握操作数据库的使用方法就非常重要。
在Spring中,操作数据库有很多种方法,我们可以使用JDBC、Hibernate、MyBatis或者其他的数据持久化框架,本篇博客的重点是讲解下在Spring中如何通过JDBC操作数据库。
1. 项目构建失败解决
在讲解JDBC前,我们先解决一个问题,因为本来构建正常的程序在重新构建打包时,竟然报了如下错误:
网上查找资料后,说是依赖的版本有冲突,于是检查了pom.xml中之前添加的Spring的依赖:
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId> <version>4.3.18.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId> <version>4.3.18.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <!--spring aop支持--> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-aop</artifactId> <version>5.1.8.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-test</artifactId> <version>4.3.18.RELEASE</version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency>
其中spring-aop的版本是5.1.8.RELEASE,而其余3个包的版本是4.3.18.RELEASE,将spring-aop版本也修改为4.3.18.RELEASE:
<!--spring aop支持--> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-aop</artifactId> <version>4.3.18.RELEASE</version> </dependency>
此时重新构建打包,不再报错,打包成功:
不过上面的依赖还可以简化成下面这样的:
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId> <version>4.3.18.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-test</artifactId> <version>4.3.18.RELEASE</version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency>
因为spring-webmvc包已经包含了spring-context和spring-aop,因此没有必要重复添加这2个依赖:
2. 配置数据源
首先执行如下语句创建MySql数据库spring_action_db:
CREATE DATABASE spring_action_db DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci;
然后执行如下语句创建表book:
use spring_action_db; create table Book ( book_id bigint auto_increment comment '书籍id', book_name varchar(50) not null comment '书名', author varchar(50) not null comment '作者', create_by varchar(20) not null comment '创建人', create_time datetime not null comment '创建时间', modify_by varchar(20) not null comment '修改人', modify_time datetime not null comment '修改时间', constraint Book_pk primary key (book_id) ) comment '书籍';
准备就绪后,新建配置类配置下数据源:
package chapter10.config; import org.apache.commons.dbcp2.BasicDataSource; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; @Configuration @ComponentScan("chapter10") public class DataSourceConfig { @Bean public BasicDataSource dataSource() { BasicDataSource dataSource = new BasicDataSource(); dataSource.setDriverClassName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); dataSource.setUrl("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/spring_action_db"); dataSource.setUsername("root"); dataSource.setPassword("root"); return dataSource; } }
因为我们使用的是MySql数据库,所以驱动名称设置的是:com.mysql.jdbc.Driver。
如果你使用的是其他类型的数据库,需要修改成对应的名称。
因为使用到了MySql驱动,所以我们需要在pom.xml中添加如下依赖,否则在访问数据库时会获取不到连接:
<!-- MySql驱动 --> <dependency> <groupId>mysql</groupId> <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId> <version>5.1.46</version> </dependency>
3. 使用原始的JDBC代码
首先,新建数据库实体类Book:
package chapter10.domain; import java.util.Date; public class Book { private Long bookId; private String bookName; private String author; private String createBy; private Date createTime; private String modifyBy; private Date modifyTime; public Book(String bookName, String author, String createBy) { this.bookName = bookName; this.author = author; this.createBy = createBy; this.createTime = new Date(); this.modifyBy=createBy; this.modifyTime=new Date(); } public Book(Long bookId, String bookName, String author, String modifyBy) { this.bookId = bookId; this.bookName = bookName; this.author = author; this.modifyBy = modifyBy; } public Book() { } // 省略get和set方法 }
然后定义数据访问接口BookRepository,暂时只添加addBook方法:
package chapter10.db; import chapter10.domain.Book; public interface BookRepository { void addBook(Book book); }
3.1 新增数据
新建数据访问实现类JdbcBookRepository如下所示:
package chapter10.db.jdbc; import chapter10.db.BookRepository; import chapter10.domain.Book; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository; import javax.sql.DataSource; import java.sql.Connection; import java.sql.PreparedStatement; import java.sql.SQLException; import java.sql.Timestamp; import java.util.Calendar; import java.util.Date; @Repository public class JdbcBookRepository implements BookRepository { private static final String SQL_INSERT_BOOK = "INSERT INTO book(book_name, author, create_by, create_time, modify_by, modify_time) VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?);"; @Autowired private DataSource dataSource; @Override public void addBook(Book book) { Connection connection = null; PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null; try { Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance(); calendar.setTime(new Date()); connection = dataSource.getConnection(); preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(SQL_INSERT_BOOK); preparedStatement.setString(1, book.getBookName()); preparedStatement.setString(2, book.getAuthor()); preparedStatement.setString(3, book.getCreateBy()); preparedStatement.setTimestamp(4, new Timestamp(calendar.getTimeInMillis())); preparedStatement.setString(5, book.getModifyBy()); preparedStatement.setTimestamp(6, new Timestamp(calendar.getTimeInMillis())); preparedStatement.execute(); } catch (SQLException e) { // 异常处理相关代码 } finally { try { if (preparedStatement != null) { preparedStatement.close(); } if (connection != null) { connection.close(); } } catch (SQLException e) { // 异常处理相关代码 } } } }
注意事项:该类添加了@Repository注解,以便Spring能够扫描到将其注册为bean。
值得注意的是,在这段代码中,我们竟然捕获SQLException捕获了2次,这是因为connection = dataSource.getConnection();
,preparedStatement.execute();
,preparedStatement.close();
,connection.close();
都会抛出检查型异常SQLException,所以方法中必须捕获,否则会导致编译不通过:
Connection getConnection() throws SQLException; boolean execute() throws SQLException; void close() throws SQLException; void close() throws SQLException;
最后,新建单元测试类BookRepositoryTest如下所示:
package chapter10; import chapter10.config.DataSourceConfig; import chapter10.db.BookRepository; import chapter10.domain.Book; import org.junit.Test; import org.junit.runner.RunWith; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration; import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner; @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class) @ContextConfiguration(classes = DataSourceConfig.class) public class BookRepositoryTest { @Autowired private BookRepository bookRepository; @Test public void testAddBook() { Book book = new Book("Spring实战(第4版)", "Craig Walls", "申城异乡人"); bookRepository.addBook(book); book = new Book("Java EE开发的颠覆者:Spring Boot实战", "汪云飞", "申城异乡人"); bookRepository.addBook(book); book = new Book("RabbitMQ实战指南", "朱忠华", "申城异乡人"); bookRepository.addBook(book); } }
运行测试方法testAddBook(),数据成功新增到数据库:
3.2 更新数据
首先,在数据访问接口BookRepository中添加更新方法:
void updateBook(Book book);
然后在数据访问实现类JdbcBookRepository中实现该方法:
private static final String SQL_UPDATE_BOOK = "UPDATE Book SET book_name = ?,author = ?,modify_by = ?,modify_time=? WHERE book_id = ?;"; @Override public void updateBook(Book book) { Connection connection = null; PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null; try { Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance(); calendar.setTime(new Date()); connection = dataSource.getConnection(); preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(SQL_UPDATE_BOOK); preparedStatement.setString(1, book.getBookName()); preparedStatement.setString(2, book.getAuthor()); preparedStatement.setString(3, book.getModifyBy()); preparedStatement.setTimestamp(4, new Timestamp(calendar.getTimeInMillis())); preparedStatement.setLong(5, book.getBookId()); preparedStatement.execute(); } catch (SQLException e) { // 异常处理相关代码 } finally { try { if (preparedStatement != null) { preparedStatement.close(); } if (connection != null) { connection.close(); } } catch (SQLException e) { // 异常处理相关代码 } } }
是不是发现它的代码和之前的新增代码几乎是一样的,而且也不得不对检查型异常SQLException捕获了2次,有代码洁癖的人是不是忍不住想重构,哈哈。
最后,在测试类BookRepositoryTest中添加测试方法testUpdateBook,如下所示:
@Test public void testUpdateBook() { Book book = new Book(1L, "Spring实战(第4版)", "Craig Walls", "zwwhnly"); bookRepository.updateBook(book); book = new Book(2L, "Java EE开发的颠覆者:Spring Boot实战", "汪云飞", "zwwhnly"); bookRepository.updateBook(book); book = new Book(3L, "RabbitMQ实战指南", "朱忠华", "zwwhnly"); bookRepository.updateBook(book); }
执行该测试方法,数据更新成功:
3.3 查找数据
首先,在数据访问接口BookRepository中添加更新方法:
Book findBook(long bookId);
然后在数据访问实现类JdbcBookRepository中实现该方法:
private static final String SQL_SELECT_BOOK = "SELECT book_id,book_name,author,create_by,create_time,modify_by,modify_time FROM book WHERE book_id = ?;"; @Override public Book findBook(long bookId) { Connection connection = null; PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null; ResultSet resultSet = null; Book book = null; try { connection = dataSource.getConnection(); preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(SQL_SELECT_BOOK); preparedStatement.setLong(1, bookId); resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery(); if (resultSet.next()) { book = new Book(); book.setBookId(resultSet.getLong("book_id")); book.setBookName(resultSet.getString("book_name")); book.setAuthor(resultSet.getString("author")); book.setCreateBy(resultSet.getString("create_by")); book.setCreateTime(resultSet.getTimestamp("create_time")); book.setModifyBy(resultSet.getString("modify_by")); book.setModifyTime(resultSet.getTimestamp("modify_time")); } } catch (SQLException e) { // 异常处理相关代码 } finally { try { if (resultSet != null) { resultSet.close(); } if (preparedStatement != null) { preparedStatement.close(); } if (connection != null) { connection.close(); } } catch (SQLException e) { // 异常处理相关代码 } } return book; }
是不是发现它的代码和之前的新增、更新代码大部分是一样的,而且也不得不对检查型异常SQLException捕获了2次,有代码洁癖的人是不是已经开始动手重构了,哈哈。
最后,在测试类BookRepositoryTest中添加测试方法testFindBook,如下所示:
@Test public void testFindBook() { Book book = bookRepository.findBook(1L); Assert.assertNotNull(book); Assert.assertEquals(book.getBookName(), "Spring实战(第4版)"); }
执行该测试方法,数据查询成功:
4. 使用JDBC模板
使用了原始的JDBC操作数据库后,好多有代码洁癖的同学都忍不住开始重构了,因为大部分代码都是样板代码,只有少部分才和业务逻辑相关,好消息是Spring已经帮我们重构过了,Spring将数据访问的样板代码抽象到模板类之中,我们可以直接使用模板类,从而简化了JDBC代码。
4.1 新增数据
首先,在配置类DataSourceConfig中添加如下配置:
@Bean public JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate(DataSource dataSource) { return new JdbcTemplate(dataSource); }
然后将之前新建的类JdbcBookRepository上的@Repository注解移除掉。
接着,新建数据访问实现类JdbcTemplateBookRepository如下所示:
package chapter10.db.jdbc; import chapter10.db.BookRepository; import chapter10.domain.Book; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcOperations; import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository; import java.sql.Date; @Repository public class JdbcTemplateBookRepository implements BookRepository { private static final String SQL_INSERT_BOOK = "INSERT INTO book(book_name, author, create_by, create_time, modify_by, modify_time) VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?);"; @Autowired private JdbcOperations jdbcOperations; @Override public void addBook(Book book) { jdbcOperations.update(SQL_INSERT_BOOK, book.getBookName(), book.getAuthor(), book.getCreateBy(), new Date(System.currentTimeMillis()), book.getModifyBy(), new Date(System.currentTimeMillis())); } }
注意事项:该类添加了@Repository注解,以便Spring能够扫描到将其注册为bean。
很简洁有没有,从之前的代码优化到现在的代码,有代码洁癖的同学估计开心死了。
因为之前测试类BookRepositoryTest中,我们注入的是接口,所以我们不需要修改测试类的代码,即可直接访问到新建的JdbcTemplateBookRepository类的实现方法:
@Autowired private BookRepository bookRepository;
运行之前的测试方法testAddBook(),数据成功新增到数据库:
4.2 更新数据
在数据访问实现类JdbcTemplateBookRepository中添加如下代码:
private static final String SQL_UPDATE_BOOK = "UPDATE Book SET book_name = ?,author = ?,modify_by = ?,modify_time=? WHERE book_id = ?;"; @Override public void updateBook(Book book) { jdbcOperations.update(SQL_UPDATE_BOOK, book.getBookName(), book.getAuthor(), book.getModifyBy(), new Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()), book.getBookId()); }
然后简单修改下之前的测试方法testUpdateBook():
@Test public void testUpdateBook() { Book book = new Book(4L, "Spring实战(第4版)", "Craig Walls", "zwwhnly"); bookRepository.updateBook(book); book = new Book(5L, "Java EE开发的颠覆者:Spring Boot实战", "汪云飞", "zwwhnly"); bookRepository.updateBook(book); book = new Book(6L, "RabbitMQ实战指南", "朱忠华", "zwwhnly"); bookRepository.updateBook(book); }
运行之前的测试方法testUpdateBook(),数据更新成功:
4.3 查找数据
在数据访问实现类JdbcTemplateBookRepository中添加如下代码:
private static final String SQL_SELECT_BOOK = "SELECT book_id,book_name,author,create_by,create_time,modify_by,modify_time FROM book WHERE book_id = ?;"; @Override public Book findBook(long bookId) { return jdbcOperations.queryForObject(SQL_SELECT_BOOK, new BookRowMapper(), bookId); } private static final class BookRowMapper implements RowMapper<Book> { @Override public Book mapRow(ResultSet resultSet, int i) throws SQLException { Book book = new Book(); book.setBookId(resultSet.getLong("book_id")); book.setBookName(resultSet.getString("book_name")); book.setAuthor(resultSet.getString("author")); book.setCreateBy(resultSet.getString("create_by")); book.setCreateTime(resultSet.getTimestamp("create_time")); book.setModifyBy(resultSet.getString("modify_by")); book.setModifyTime(resultSet.getTimestamp("modify_time")); return book; } }
运行之前的测试方法testFindBook(),数据查询成功:
5. 源码及参考
源码地址:https://github.com/zwwhnly/spring-action.git,欢迎下载。
Craig Walls 《Spring实战(第4版)》
6. 最后
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