Spring入门(十五):使用Spring JDBC操作数据库

  • 2019 年 10 月 14 日
  • 筆記

在本系列的之前博客中,我们从没有讲解过操作数据库的方法,但是在实际的工作中,几乎所有的系统都离不开数据的持久化,所以掌握操作数据库的使用方法就非常重要。

在Spring中,操作数据库有很多种方法,我们可以使用JDBC、Hibernate、MyBatis或者其他的数据持久化框架,本篇博客的重点是讲解下在Spring中如何通过JDBC操作数据库。

1. 项目构建失败解决

在讲解JDBC前,我们先解决一个问题,因为本来构建正常的程序在重新构建打包时,竟然报了如下错误:

网上查找资料后,说是依赖的版本有冲突,于是检查了pom.xml中之前添加的Spring的依赖:

<dependency>      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>      <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>      <version>4.3.18.RELEASE</version>  </dependency>  <dependency>      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>      <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>      <version>4.3.18.RELEASE</version>  </dependency>  <!--spring aop支持-->  <dependency>      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>      <artifactId>spring-aop</artifactId>      <version>5.1.8.RELEASE</version>  </dependency>  <dependency>      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>      <artifactId>spring-test</artifactId>      <version>4.3.18.RELEASE</version>      <scope>test</scope>  </dependency>

其中spring-aop的版本是5.1.8.RELEASE,而其余3个包的版本是4.3.18.RELEASE,将spring-aop版本也修改为4.3.18.RELEASE:

<!--spring aop支持-->  <dependency>      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>      <artifactId>spring-aop</artifactId>      <version>4.3.18.RELEASE</version>  </dependency>

此时重新构建打包,不再报错,打包成功:

不过上面的依赖还可以简化成下面这样的:

<dependency>      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>      <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>      <version>4.3.18.RELEASE</version>  </dependency>  <dependency>      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>      <artifactId>spring-test</artifactId>      <version>4.3.18.RELEASE</version>      <scope>test</scope>  </dependency>

因为spring-webmvc包已经包含了spring-context和spring-aop,因此没有必要重复添加这2个依赖:

2. 配置数据源

首先执行如下语句创建MySql数据库spring_action_db:

CREATE DATABASE spring_action_db DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci;

然后执行如下语句创建表book:

use spring_action_db;    create table Book  (    book_id     bigint auto_increment comment '书籍id',    book_name   varchar(50) not null comment '书名',    author      varchar(50) not null comment '作者',    create_by   varchar(20) not null comment '创建人',    create_time datetime    not null comment '创建时间',    modify_by   varchar(20) not null comment '修改人',    modify_time datetime    not null comment '修改时间',    constraint Book_pk      primary key (book_id)  )    comment '书籍';

准备就绪后,新建配置类配置下数据源:

package chapter10.config;    import org.apache.commons.dbcp2.BasicDataSource;  import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;  import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;  import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;    @Configuration  @ComponentScan("chapter10")  public class DataSourceConfig {      @Bean      public BasicDataSource dataSource() {          BasicDataSource dataSource = new BasicDataSource();          dataSource.setDriverClassName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");          dataSource.setUrl("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/spring_action_db");          dataSource.setUsername("root");          dataSource.setPassword("root");            return dataSource;      }  }

因为我们使用的是MySql数据库,所以驱动名称设置的是:com.mysql.jdbc.Driver。

如果你使用的是其他类型的数据库,需要修改成对应的名称。

因为使用到了MySql驱动,所以我们需要在pom.xml中添加如下依赖,否则在访问数据库时会获取不到连接:

<!-- MySql驱动 -->  <dependency>      <groupId>mysql</groupId>      <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>      <version>5.1.46</version>  </dependency>

3. 使用原始的JDBC代码

首先,新建数据库实体类Book:

package chapter10.domain;    import java.util.Date;    public class Book {      private Long bookId;        private String bookName;        private String author;        private String createBy;        private Date createTime;        private String modifyBy;        private Date modifyTime;        public Book(String bookName, String author, String createBy) {          this.bookName = bookName;          this.author = author;          this.createBy = createBy;          this.createTime = new Date();          this.modifyBy=createBy;          this.modifyTime=new Date();      }        public Book(Long bookId, String bookName, String author, String modifyBy) {          this.bookId = bookId;          this.bookName = bookName;          this.author = author;          this.modifyBy = modifyBy;      }        public Book() {        }        // 省略get和set方法  }

然后定义数据访问接口BookRepository,暂时只添加addBook方法:

package chapter10.db;    import chapter10.domain.Book;    public interface BookRepository {      void addBook(Book book);  }

3.1 新增数据

新建数据访问实现类JdbcBookRepository如下所示:

package chapter10.db.jdbc;    import chapter10.db.BookRepository;  import chapter10.domain.Book;  import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;  import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;    import javax.sql.DataSource;  import java.sql.Connection;  import java.sql.PreparedStatement;  import java.sql.SQLException;  import java.sql.Timestamp;  import java.util.Calendar;  import java.util.Date;    @Repository  public class JdbcBookRepository implements BookRepository {      private static final String SQL_INSERT_BOOK =              "INSERT INTO book(book_name, author, create_by, create_time, modify_by, modify_time) VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?);";        @Autowired      private DataSource dataSource;        @Override      public void addBook(Book book) {          Connection connection = null;          PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;            try {              Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();              calendar.setTime(new Date());                connection = dataSource.getConnection();              preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(SQL_INSERT_BOOK);              preparedStatement.setString(1, book.getBookName());              preparedStatement.setString(2, book.getAuthor());              preparedStatement.setString(3, book.getCreateBy());              preparedStatement.setTimestamp(4, new Timestamp(calendar.getTimeInMillis()));              preparedStatement.setString(5, book.getModifyBy());              preparedStatement.setTimestamp(6, new Timestamp(calendar.getTimeInMillis()));                preparedStatement.execute();          } catch (SQLException e) {              // 异常处理相关代码          } finally {              try {                  if (preparedStatement != null) {                      preparedStatement.close();                  }                  if (connection != null) {                      connection.close();                  }              } catch (SQLException e) {                  // 异常处理相关代码              }          }      }  }

注意事项:该类添加了@Repository注解,以便Spring能够扫描到将其注册为bean。

值得注意的是,在这段代码中,我们竟然捕获SQLException捕获了2次,这是因为connection = dataSource.getConnection();preparedStatement.execute();preparedStatement.close();connection.close();都会抛出检查型异常SQLException,所以方法中必须捕获,否则会导致编译不通过:

Connection getConnection() throws SQLException;    boolean execute() throws SQLException;    void close() throws SQLException;    void close() throws SQLException;

最后,新建单元测试类BookRepositoryTest如下所示:

package chapter10;    import chapter10.config.DataSourceConfig;  import chapter10.db.BookRepository;  import chapter10.domain.Book;  import org.junit.Test;  import org.junit.runner.RunWith;  import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;  import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration;  import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner;    @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)  @ContextConfiguration(classes = DataSourceConfig.class)  public class BookRepositoryTest {      @Autowired      private BookRepository bookRepository;        @Test      public void testAddBook() {          Book book = new Book("Spring实战(第4版)", "Craig Walls", "申城异乡人");            bookRepository.addBook(book);            book = new Book("Java EE开发的颠覆者:Spring Boot实战", "汪云飞", "申城异乡人");            bookRepository.addBook(book);            book = new Book("RabbitMQ实战指南", "朱忠华", "申城异乡人");            bookRepository.addBook(book);      }  }

运行测试方法testAddBook(),数据成功新增到数据库:

3.2 更新数据

首先,在数据访问接口BookRepository中添加更新方法:

void updateBook(Book book);

然后在数据访问实现类JdbcBookRepository中实现该方法:

private static final String SQL_UPDATE_BOOK =              "UPDATE Book SET book_name = ?,author = ?,modify_by = ?,modify_time=? WHERE book_id = ?;";    @Override  public void updateBook(Book book) {      Connection connection = null;      PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;        try {          Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();          calendar.setTime(new Date());            connection = dataSource.getConnection();          preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(SQL_UPDATE_BOOK);          preparedStatement.setString(1, book.getBookName());          preparedStatement.setString(2, book.getAuthor());          preparedStatement.setString(3, book.getModifyBy());          preparedStatement.setTimestamp(4, new Timestamp(calendar.getTimeInMillis()));          preparedStatement.setLong(5, book.getBookId());            preparedStatement.execute();      } catch (SQLException e) {          // 异常处理相关代码      } finally {          try {              if (preparedStatement != null) {                  preparedStatement.close();              }              if (connection != null) {                  connection.close();              }          } catch (SQLException e) {              // 异常处理相关代码          }      }  }

是不是发现它的代码和之前的新增代码几乎是一样的,而且也不得不对检查型异常SQLException捕获了2次,有代码洁癖的人是不是忍不住想重构,哈哈。

最后,在测试类BookRepositoryTest中添加测试方法testUpdateBook,如下所示:

@Test  public void testUpdateBook() {      Book book = new Book(1L, "Spring实战(第4版)", "Craig Walls", "zwwhnly");        bookRepository.updateBook(book);        book = new Book(2L, "Java EE开发的颠覆者:Spring Boot实战", "汪云飞", "zwwhnly");        bookRepository.updateBook(book);        book = new Book(3L, "RabbitMQ实战指南", "朱忠华", "zwwhnly");        bookRepository.updateBook(book);  }

执行该测试方法,数据更新成功:

3.3 查找数据

首先,在数据访问接口BookRepository中添加更新方法:

Book findBook(long bookId);

然后在数据访问实现类JdbcBookRepository中实现该方法:

private static final String SQL_SELECT_BOOK =              "SELECT book_id,book_name,author,create_by,create_time,modify_by,modify_time FROM book WHERE book_id = ?;";    @Override  public Book findBook(long bookId) {      Connection connection = null;      PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;        ResultSet resultSet = null;      Book book = null;      try {          connection = dataSource.getConnection();          preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(SQL_SELECT_BOOK);          preparedStatement.setLong(1, bookId);            resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();            if (resultSet.next()) {              book = new Book();              book.setBookId(resultSet.getLong("book_id"));              book.setBookName(resultSet.getString("book_name"));              book.setAuthor(resultSet.getString("author"));              book.setCreateBy(resultSet.getString("create_by"));              book.setCreateTime(resultSet.getTimestamp("create_time"));              book.setModifyBy(resultSet.getString("modify_by"));              book.setModifyTime(resultSet.getTimestamp("modify_time"));          }      } catch (SQLException e) {          // 异常处理相关代码      } finally {          try {              if (resultSet != null) {                  resultSet.close();              }              if (preparedStatement != null) {                  preparedStatement.close();              }              if (connection != null) {                  connection.close();              }          } catch (SQLException e) {              // 异常处理相关代码          }      }        return book;  }

是不是发现它的代码和之前的新增、更新代码大部分是一样的,而且也不得不对检查型异常SQLException捕获了2次,有代码洁癖的人是不是已经开始动手重构了,哈哈。

最后,在测试类BookRepositoryTest中添加测试方法testFindBook,如下所示:

@Test  public void testFindBook() {      Book book = bookRepository.findBook(1L);      Assert.assertNotNull(book);      Assert.assertEquals(book.getBookName(), "Spring实战(第4版)");  }

执行该测试方法,数据查询成功:

4. 使用JDBC模板

使用了原始的JDBC操作数据库后,好多有代码洁癖的同学都忍不住开始重构了,因为大部分代码都是样板代码,只有少部分才和业务逻辑相关,好消息是Spring已经帮我们重构过了,Spring将数据访问的样板代码抽象到模板类之中,我们可以直接使用模板类,从而简化了JDBC代码。

4.1 新增数据

首先,在配置类DataSourceConfig中添加如下配置:

@Bean  public JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate(DataSource dataSource) {      return new JdbcTemplate(dataSource);  }

然后将之前新建的类JdbcBookRepository上的@Repository注解移除掉。

接着,新建数据访问实现类JdbcTemplateBookRepository如下所示:

package chapter10.db.jdbc;    import chapter10.db.BookRepository;  import chapter10.domain.Book;  import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;  import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcOperations;  import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;    import java.sql.Date;    @Repository  public class JdbcTemplateBookRepository implements BookRepository {      private static final String SQL_INSERT_BOOK =              "INSERT INTO book(book_name, author, create_by, create_time, modify_by, modify_time) VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?);";        @Autowired      private JdbcOperations jdbcOperations;        @Override      public void addBook(Book book) {          jdbcOperations.update(SQL_INSERT_BOOK, book.getBookName(),                  book.getAuthor(),                  book.getCreateBy(),                  new Date(System.currentTimeMillis()),                  book.getModifyBy(),                  new Date(System.currentTimeMillis()));      }  }

注意事项:该类添加了@Repository注解,以便Spring能够扫描到将其注册为bean。

很简洁有没有,从之前的代码优化到现在的代码,有代码洁癖的同学估计开心死了。

因为之前测试类BookRepositoryTest中,我们注入的是接口,所以我们不需要修改测试类的代码,即可直接访问到新建的JdbcTemplateBookRepository类的实现方法:

@Autowired  private BookRepository bookRepository;

运行之前的测试方法testAddBook(),数据成功新增到数据库:

4.2 更新数据

在数据访问实现类JdbcTemplateBookRepository中添加如下代码:

private static final String SQL_UPDATE_BOOK =              "UPDATE Book SET book_name = ?,author = ?,modify_by = ?,modify_time=? WHERE book_id = ?;";    @Override  public void updateBook(Book book) {      jdbcOperations.update(SQL_UPDATE_BOOK, book.getBookName(),              book.getAuthor(),              book.getModifyBy(),              new Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()),              book.getBookId());  }

然后简单修改下之前的测试方法testUpdateBook():

@Test  public void testUpdateBook() {      Book book = new Book(4L, "Spring实战(第4版)", "Craig Walls", "zwwhnly");        bookRepository.updateBook(book);        book = new Book(5L, "Java EE开发的颠覆者:Spring Boot实战", "汪云飞", "zwwhnly");        bookRepository.updateBook(book);        book = new Book(6L, "RabbitMQ实战指南", "朱忠华", "zwwhnly");        bookRepository.updateBook(book);  }

运行之前的测试方法testUpdateBook(),数据更新成功:

4.3 查找数据

在数据访问实现类JdbcTemplateBookRepository中添加如下代码:

private static final String SQL_SELECT_BOOK =              "SELECT book_id,book_name,author,create_by,create_time,modify_by,modify_time FROM book WHERE book_id = ?;";    @Override  public Book findBook(long bookId) {      return jdbcOperations.queryForObject(SQL_SELECT_BOOK, new BookRowMapper(), bookId);  }    private static final class BookRowMapper implements RowMapper<Book> {        @Override      public Book mapRow(ResultSet resultSet, int i) throws SQLException {          Book book = new Book();          book.setBookId(resultSet.getLong("book_id"));          book.setBookName(resultSet.getString("book_name"));          book.setAuthor(resultSet.getString("author"));          book.setCreateBy(resultSet.getString("create_by"));          book.setCreateTime(resultSet.getTimestamp("create_time"));          book.setModifyBy(resultSet.getString("modify_by"));          book.setModifyTime(resultSet.getTimestamp("modify_time"));              return book;      }  }

运行之前的测试方法testFindBook(),数据查询成功:

5. 源码及参考

源码地址:https://github.com/zwwhnly/spring-action.git,欢迎下载。

Craig Walls 《Spring实战(第4版)》

6. 最后

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