【DB笔试面试572】在Oracle中,模糊查询可以使用索引吗?

  • 2019 年 10 月 10 日
  • 筆記

题目部分

在Oracle中,模糊查询可以使用索引吗?

答案部分

分为以下几种情况:

(1)若SELECT子句只检索索引字段,那么模糊查询可以使用索引,例如,“SELECT ID FROM TB WHERE ID LIKE '%123%';”可以使用索引。

(2)若SELECT子句不只检索索引字段还检索其它非索引字段,那么分为以下几种情况:

① 模糊查询形如“WHERE COL_NAME LIKE 'ABC%';”可以用到索引。

② 模糊查询形如“WHERE COL_NAME LIKE '%ABC';”不能使用索引,但是可以通过REVERSE函数来创建函数索引才能使用到索引。

③ 模糊查询形如“WHERE COL_NAME LIKE '%ABC%';”不能使用索引,但是,如果所查询的字符串有一定的规律的的话,那么还是可以使用到索引的,分以下几种情况:

a. 如果字符串ABC始终从原字符串的某个固定位置出现,那么可以创建SUBSTR函数索引进行优化。

b. 如果字符串ABC始终从原字符串结尾的某个固定位置出现,那么可以创建函数组合索引进行优化。

c. 如果字符串ABC在原字符串中位置不固定,那么可以通过改写SQL进行优化。改写的方法主要是通过先使用子查询查询出需要的字段,然后在外层嵌套,这样就可以使用到索引了。

④ 建全文索引后使用CONTAINS也可以用到域索引。

示例代码如下所示:

LHR@orclasm > CREATE TABLE TB_LHR_20160518_02 AS  SELECT * FROM DBA_TABLES;  Table created.  LHR@orclasm > CREATE INDEX IDX_TB_LHR_20160518_02 ON TB_LHR_20160518_02(TABLE_NAME);  Index created.  LHR@orclasm > SET AUTOT ON  LHR@orclasm > SELECT OWNER,TABLE_NAME FROM TB_LHR_20160518_02 WHERE TABLE_NAME LIKE 'AA%';  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  | Id  | Operation                   | Name                   | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  |   0 | SELECT STATEMENT            |                        |     1 |    34 |     1   (0)| 00:00:01 |  |   1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| TB_LHR_20160518_02     |     1 |    34 |     1   (0)| 00:00:01 |  |*  2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN          | IDX_TB_LHR_20160518_02 |     1 |       |     1   (0)| 00:00:01 |  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  LHR@orclasm > SELECT OWNER,TABLE_NAME FROM TB_LHR_20160518_02 WHERE TABLE_NAME LIKE '%AA%';  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  | Id  | Operation         | Name               | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  |   0 | SELECT STATEMENT  |                    |     1 |    34 |    31   (0)| 00:00:01 |  |*  1 |  TABLE ACCESS FULL| TB_LHR_20160518_02 |     1 |    34 |    31   (0)| 00:00:01 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------    --如果只查询索引字段,那么必然走索引:  LHR@orclasm > SELECT  TABLE_NAME FROM TB_LHR_20160518_02 WHERE TABLE_NAME LIKE '%AA%';  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  | Id  | Operation            | Name                   | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  |   0 | SELECT STATEMENT     |                        |     1 |    17 |     7   (0)| 00:00:01 |  |*  1 |  INDEX FAST FULL SCAN| IDX_TB_LHR_20160518_02 |     1 |    17 |     7   (0)| 00:00:01 |  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------    --创建REVERSE函数索引:  LHR@orclasm > CREATE INDEX IDX_TB_LHR_20160518_03 ON TB_LHR_20160518_02(REVERSE(TABLE_NAME));  Index created.  LHR@orclasm > SELECT OWNER,TABLE_NAME FROM TB_LHR_20160518_02 WHERE REVERSE(TABLE_NAME) LIKE REVERSE('%AA');  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  | Id  | Operation                   | Name                   | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  |   0 | SELECT STATEMENT            |                        |   152 |  7752 |    27   (0)| 00:00:01 |  |   1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| TB_LHR_20160518_02     |   152 |  7752 |    27   (0)| 00:00:01 |  |*  2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN          | IDX_TB_LHR_20160518_03 |    27 |       |     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------    --如果被检索的字符串总是从第3个位置开始,那么可以先创建SUBSTR函数索引,再使用LIKE 'ABC%',如下所示:  LHR@orclasm > CREATE INDEX IDX_TB_LHR_20160518_04 ON TB_LHR_20160518_02(SUBSTR(TABLE_NAME,3));  Index created.  LHR@orclasm > SELECT OWNER,TABLE_NAME FROM TB_LHR_20160518_02 WHERE SUBSTR(TABLE_NAME,3) LIKE 'AA%';  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  | Id  | Operation                   | Name                   | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  |   0 | SELECT STATEMENT            |                        |   152 |  9728 |    18   (0)| 00:00:01 |  |   1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| TB_LHR_20160518_02     |   152 |  9728 |    18   (0)| 00:00:01 |  |*  2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN          | IDX_TB_LHR_20160518_04 |    27 |       |     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------    --如果字符串ABC始终从原字符串结尾的某个固定位置出现,那么可以创建函数组合索引进行优化。假如ABC从字符串倒数第五位出现,如下所示:  LHR@orclasm > CREATE INDEX IDX_TB_LHR_20160518_05 ON TB_LHR_20160518_02(REVERSE(SUBSTR(TABLE_NAME,1,LENGTH(TABLE_NAME)-4)));  Index created.  LHR@orclasm > SELECT OWNER,TABLE_NAME FROM TB_LHR_20160518_02 WHERE REVERSE(SUBSTR(TABLE_NAME,1,LENGTH(TABLE_NAME)-4)) LIKE REVERSE('%AA');  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  | Id  | Operation                   | Name                   | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  |   0 | SELECT STATEMENT            |                        |   159 |  9381 |    27   (0)| 00:00:01 |  |   1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| TB_LHR_20160518_02     |   159 |  9381 |    27   (0)| 00:00:01 |  |*  2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN          | IDX_TB_LHR_20160518_05 |    29 |       |     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Predicate Information (identified by operation id):  ---------------------------------------------------     2 - access(REVERSE(SUBSTR("TABLE_NAME",1,LENGTH("TABLE_NAME")-4)) LIKE 'AA%')         filter(REVERSE(SUBSTR("TABLE_NAME",1,LENGTH("TABLE_NAME")-4)) LIKE 'AA%')    --如果字符串ABC在原字符串中位置不固定,那么可以通过改写SQL进行优化。这种情况需要在LIKE的字段上存在普通索引的情况下,先使用子查询查询出需要的字段,然后在外层嵌套,这样就可以使用到索引了。如下所示:  LHR@orclasm > SELECT OWNER,TABLE_NAME FROM TB_LHR_20160518_02 WHERE TABLE_NAME IN (SELECT TABLE_NAME  FROM TB_LHR_20160518_02 WHERE TABLE_NAME LIKE '%AA%');  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  | Id  | Operation                    | Name                   | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  |   0 | SELECT STATEMENT             |                        |     1 |    51 |    10  (10)| 00:00:01 |  |   1 |  NESTED LOOPS                |                        |       |       |            |          |  |   2 |   NESTED LOOPS               |                        |     1 |    51 |    10  (10)| 00:00:01 |  |   3 |    SORT UNIQUE               |                        |     1 |    17 |     7   (0)| 00:00:01 |  |*  4 |     INDEX FAST FULL SCAN     | IDX_TB_LHR_20160518_02 |     1 |    17 |     7   (0)| 00:00:01 |  |*  5 |    INDEX RANGE SCAN          | IDX_TB_LHR_20160518_02 |     1 |       |     1   (0)| 00:00:01 |  |   6 |   TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| TB_LHR_20160518_02     |     1 |    34 |     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Predicate Information (identified by operation id):  ---------------------------------------------------     4 - filter("TABLE_NAME" LIKE '%AA%')     5 - access("TABLE_NAME"="TABLE_NAME")         filter("TABLE_NAME" LIKE '%AA%')  Note  -----     - dynamic sampling used for this statement (level=2)  Statistics  ----------------------------------------------------------          131  recursive calls            2  db block gets          221  consistent gets          111  physical reads            0  redo size          671  bytes sent via SQL*Net to client          519  bytes received via SQL*Net from client            2  SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client            7  sorts (memory)            0  sorts (disk)            3  rows processed  

& 说明:

有关模糊查询LIKE的更多内容可以参考我的BLOG:http://blog.itpub.net/26736162/viewspace-2139039/

本文选自《Oracle程序员面试笔试宝典》,作者:李华荣。