如何測試Linux命令運行時間?
- 2020 年 4 月 5 日
- 筆記
良許在工作中,寫過一個 Shell 腳本,這個腳本可以從 4 個 NTP 伺服器輪流獲取時間,然後將最可靠的時間設置為系統時間。
因為我們對於時間的要求比較高,需要在短時間內就獲取到正確的時間。所以我們就需要對這個腳本運行時間進行測試,看看從開始運行到正確設置時間需要花費多少時間。
其實在工作中,還有很多情況下需要測試一個腳本或者程式運行多少時間,特別是對於時間性要求比較高的系統更是如此。
對於時間的測試,我們可以用到一個命令:time
。下面我們就詳細看看如何使用 time 命令來對腳本/命令進行測時。
1. time 命令基本用法
time 命令最基本的用法,就是 time + 命令
,比如:
$ time ping baidu.com PING baidu.com (123.125.114.144) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=2.83 ms 64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=2 ttl=56 time=2.77 ms ………… ^C --- baidu.com ping statistics --- 8 packets transmitted, 8 received, 0% packet loss, time 10818ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.765/2.808/2.862/0.039 ms real 0m11.173s user 0m0.004s sys 0m0.002s
在結果里,real
表示從我們執行 ping 命令到最終按 ctrl+c 終止這段時間所耗費的時間;user
及 sys
分別表示 ping 命令在用戶空間及內核空間所運行的時間。
2. 將時間資訊寫入文件
如果我們想把時間資訊直接寫入到文件,而不是顯示在螢幕上,那麼我們可以使用 -o
選項,並指定寫入的文件路徑。
$ /usr/bin/time -o /home/alvin/time-output.txt ping baidu.com
執行這個命令後,ping 命令的輸出結果依然會在終端里,而 time 命令的結果就寫入到我們所指定的 time-output.txt 文件里。
-o
選項表示輸出文件不存在就創建,如果存在的話就直接覆蓋重寫。如果我們不想覆蓋重寫,而是想追加在文件後面,我們可以使用 -a
選項。
$ /usr/bin/time -a /home/smart/time-output.txt ping linoxide.com
3. 顯示更詳細的時間資訊
time 命令不帶選項的話,顯示的資訊量比較少,如果我們想獲得更詳細的資訊,那麼我們可以使用 -v
選項。
$ /usr/bin/time -v ping baidu.com PING baidu.com (123.125.114.144) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=2.75 ms 64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=2 ttl=56 time=2.76 ms 64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=3 ttl=56 time=2.85 ms 64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=4 ttl=56 time=2.77 ms ^C --- baidu.com ping statistics --- 4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3300ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.751/2.785/2.851/0.075 ms Command being timed: "ping baidu.com" User time (seconds): 0.00 System time (seconds): 0.00 Percent of CPU this job got: 0% Elapsed (wall clock) time (h:mm:ss or m:ss): 0:03.64 Average shared text size (kbytes): 0 Average unshared data size (kbytes): 0 Average stack size (kbytes): 0 Average total size (kbytes): 0 Maximum resident set size (kbytes): 2140 Average resident set size (kbytes): 0 Major (requiring I/O) page faults: 0 Minor (reclaiming a frame) page faults: 626 Voluntary context switches: 10 Involuntary context switches: 0 Swaps: 0 File system inputs: 0 File system outputs: 0 Socket messages sent: 0 Socket messages received: 0 Signals delivered: 0 Page size (bytes): 4096 Exit status: 0
這個結果資訊就相當詳細了,我們可以獲取到足夠多我們所需要的資訊。
4. 自定義輸出格式
默認情況下,time 命令只輸出 real,usr,sys 三個內容,如果我們想要個性化一些,算定義它的輸出格式,time 命令也是支援的。time 命令支援的格式有很多,如下所示:
C - Name and command line arguments used D - Average size of the process's unshared data area in kilobytes E - Elapsed time in a clock format F - Number of page faults I - Number of file system inputs by the process K - Average total memory use of the process in kilobytes M - Maximum resident set the size of the process during the lifetime in Kilobytes O - Number of file system outputs by the process P - Percentage of CPU that the job received R - Number of minor or recoverable page faults S - Total number of CPU seconds used by the system in kernel mode U - Total number of CPU seconds used by user mode W - Number of times the process was swapped out of main memory X - Average amount of shared text in the process Z - System's page size in kilobytes c - Number of times the process was context-switched e - Elapsed real time used by the process in seconds k - Number of signals delivered to the process p - Average unshared stack size of the process in kilobytes r - Number of socket messages received by the process s - Number of socket messages sent by the process t - Average resident set size of the process in kilobytes w - Number of time the process was context-switched voluntarily x - Exit status of the command
如果我們想要輸出以下這樣的格式:
Elapsed Time = 0:01:00, Inputs 2, Outputs 1
我們可以這樣自定義:
$ /usr/bin/time -f "Elapsed Time = %E, Inputs %I, Outputs %O" ping baidu.com PING baidu.com (220.181.38.148) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 220.181.38.148 (220.181.38.148): icmp_seq=1 ttl=54 time=1.82 ms 64 bytes from 220.181.38.148 (220.181.38.148): icmp_seq=2 ttl=54 time=1.86 ms ^C --- baidu.com ping statistics --- 4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3003ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.825/1.859/1.879/0.056 ms Elapsed Time = 0:03.92, Inputs 0, Outputs 0
如果你想讓輸出的結果有換行,可以在對應的地方添加 n
,比如:
$ /usr/bin/time -f "Elapsed Time = %E n Inputs %I n Outputs %O" ping baidu.com
這樣輸出的結果就類似於這樣:
Elapsed Time = 0:03.92 Inputs 0 Outputs 0
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