如何測試Linux命令運行時間?

良許在工作中,寫過一個 Shell 腳本,這個腳本可以從 4 個 NTP 伺服器輪流獲取時間,然後將最可靠的時間設置為系統時間。

因為我們對於時間的要求比較高,需要在短時間內就獲取到正確的時間。所以我們就需要對這個腳本運行時間進行測試,看看從開始運行到正確設置時間需要花費多少時間。

其實在工作中,還有很多情況下需要測試一個腳本或者程式運行多少時間,特別是對於時間性要求比較高的系統更是如此。

對於時間的測試,我們可以用到一個命令:time 。下面我們就詳細看看如何使用 time 命令來對腳本/命令進行測時。

1. time 命令基本用法

time 命令最基本的用法,就是 time + 命令 ,比如:

$ time ping baidu.com  PING baidu.com (123.125.114.144) 56(84) bytes of data.  64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=2.83 ms  64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=2 ttl=56 time=2.77 ms  …………  ^C  --- baidu.com ping statistics ---  8 packets transmitted, 8 received, 0% packet loss, time 10818ms  rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.765/2.808/2.862/0.039 ms    real    0m11.173s  user    0m0.004s  sys     0m0.002s  

在結果里,real 表示從我們執行 ping 命令到最終按 ctrl+c 終止這段時間所耗費的時間;usersys 分別表示 ping 命令在用戶空間及內核空間所運行的時間。

2. 將時間資訊寫入文件

如果我們想把時間資訊直接寫入到文件,而不是顯示在螢幕上,那麼我們可以使用 -o 選項,並指定寫入的文件路徑。

$ /usr/bin/time -o /home/alvin/time-output.txt ping baidu.com  

執行這個命令後,ping 命令的輸出結果依然會在終端里,而 time 命令的結果就寫入到我們所指定的 time-output.txt 文件里。

-o 選項表示輸出文件不存在就創建,如果存在的話就直接覆蓋重寫。如果我們不想覆蓋重寫,而是想追加在文件後面,我們可以使用 -a 選項。

$ /usr/bin/time -a /home/smart/time-output.txt ping linoxide.com  

3. 顯示更詳細的時間資訊

time 命令不帶選項的話,顯示的資訊量比較少,如果我們想獲得更詳細的資訊,那麼我們可以使用 -v 選項。

$ /usr/bin/time -v ping baidu.com  PING baidu.com (123.125.114.144) 56(84) bytes of data.  64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=2.75 ms  64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=2 ttl=56 time=2.76 ms  64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=3 ttl=56 time=2.85 ms  64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=4 ttl=56 time=2.77 ms  ^C  --- baidu.com ping statistics ---  4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3300ms  rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.751/2.785/2.851/0.075 ms          Command being timed: "ping baidu.com"          User time (seconds): 0.00          System time (seconds): 0.00          Percent of CPU this job got: 0%          Elapsed (wall clock) time (h:mm:ss or m:ss): 0:03.64          Average shared text size (kbytes): 0          Average unshared data size (kbytes): 0          Average stack size (kbytes): 0          Average total size (kbytes): 0          Maximum resident set size (kbytes): 2140          Average resident set size (kbytes): 0          Major (requiring I/O) page faults: 0          Minor (reclaiming a frame) page faults: 626          Voluntary context switches: 10          Involuntary context switches: 0          Swaps: 0          File system inputs: 0          File system outputs: 0          Socket messages sent: 0          Socket messages received: 0          Signals delivered: 0          Page size (bytes): 4096          Exit status: 0  

這個結果資訊就相當詳細了,我們可以獲取到足夠多我們所需要的資訊。

4. 自定義輸出格式

默認情況下,time 命令只輸出 real,usr,sys 三個內容,如果我們想要個性化一些,算定義它的輸出格式,time 命令也是支援的。time 命令支援的格式有很多,如下所示:

C - Name and command line arguments used  D - Average size of the process's unshared data area in kilobytes  E - Elapsed time in a clock format  F - Number of page faults  I - Number of file system inputs by the process  K - Average total memory use of the process in kilobytes  M - Maximum resident set the size of the process during the lifetime in Kilobytes  O - Number of file system outputs by the process  P - Percentage of CPU that the job received  R - Number of minor or recoverable page faults  S - Total number of CPU seconds used by the system in kernel mode  U - Total number of CPU seconds used by user mode  W - Number of times the process was swapped out of main memory  X - Average amount of shared text in the process  Z - System's page size in kilobytes  c - Number of times the process was context-switched  e - Elapsed real time used by the process in seconds  k - Number of signals delivered to the process  p - Average unshared stack size of the process in kilobytes  r - Number of socket messages received by the process  s - Number of socket messages sent by the process  t - Average resident set size of the process in kilobytes  w - Number of time the process was context-switched voluntarily  x - Exit status of the command  

如果我們想要輸出以下這樣的格式:

Elapsed Time = 0:01:00, Inputs 2, Outputs 1  

我們可以這樣自定義:

$ /usr/bin/time -f "Elapsed Time = %E, Inputs %I, Outputs %O" ping baidu.com  PING baidu.com (220.181.38.148) 56(84) bytes of data.  64 bytes from 220.181.38.148 (220.181.38.148): icmp_seq=1 ttl=54 time=1.82 ms  64 bytes from 220.181.38.148 (220.181.38.148): icmp_seq=2 ttl=54 time=1.86 ms  ^C  --- baidu.com ping statistics ---  4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3003ms  rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.825/1.859/1.879/0.056 ms  Elapsed Time = 0:03.92, Inputs 0, Outputs 0  

如果你想讓輸出的結果有換行,可以在對應的地方添加 n ,比如:

$ /usr/bin/time -f "Elapsed Time = %E n Inputs %I n Outputs %O" ping baidu.com  

這樣輸出的結果就類似於這樣:

Elapsed Time = 0:03.92  Inputs 0  Outputs 0  

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