Kubernetes IPVS和IPTABLES
- 2022 年 11 月 18 日
- 筆記
- Kubernetes, 深度學習
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Kubernetes IPVS和IPTABLES
什麼是IPVS
IPVS(IP Virtual Server,IP虛擬伺服器)
實現了傳輸層的負載平衡,通常稱為4 LAN(四層區域網)
交換,是Linux內核的一部分。
IPVS在主機上運行,在真實伺服器集群前面充當負載平衡器。IPVS可以將基於 TCP 和 UDP 的服務請求定向到真實伺服器上。
IPVS vs IPTABLES
IPVS 模式在 Kubernetes v1.8
中引入,在v1.9中成為測試版,在v1.11中成為GA。
IPTABLES模式是在v1.1版本中加入的,從v1.2版本開始成為默認的操作模式。
IPVS和IPTABLES都是基於netfilter的。IPVS模式和IPTABLES模式的區別如下:
-
IPVS為大型集群提供更好的可擴展性和性能。
-
IPVS比IPTABLES支援更複雜的負載平衡演算法(最小負載、最小連接、定位、加權等)。
-
IPVS 支援伺服器健康檢查和連接重試等。
IPVS 對 IPTABLES 的依賴
IPVS代理使用IPTABLES
做數據包過濾
、SNAT
或偽裝
。具體來說,IPVS代理將使用ipset來存儲需要DROP或做偽裝的流量的源地址或目的地址,以確保無論我們有多少服務,IPTABLES規則的數量不變。
下面是IPVS代理伺服器使用的ipset集的表格。
set name | members | usage |
---|---|---|
KUBE-CLUSTER-IP | All service IP + port | Mark-Masq for cases that masquerade-all=true or clusterCIDR specified |
KUBE-LOOP-BACK | All service IP + port + IP | masquerade for solving hairpin purpose |
KUBE-EXTERNAL-IP | service external IP + port | masquerade for packages to external IPs |
KUBE-LOAD-BALANCER | load balancer ingress IP + port | masquerade for packages to load balancer type service |
KUBE-LOAD-BALANCER-LOCAL | LB ingress IP + port with externalTrafficPolicy=local |
accept packages to load balancer with externalTrafficPolicy=local |
KUBE-LOAD-BALANCER-FW | load balancer ingress IP + port with loadBalancerSourceRanges |
package filter for load balancer with loadBalancerSourceRanges specified |
KUBE-LOAD-BALANCER-SOURCE-CIDR | load balancer ingress IP + port + source CIDR | package filter for load balancer with loadBalancerSourceRanges specified |
KUBE-NODE-PORT-TCP | nodeport type service TCP port | masquerade for packets to nodePort(TCP) |
KUBE-NODE-PORT-LOCAL-TCP | nodeport type service TCP port with externalTrafficPolicy=local |
accept packages to nodeport service with externalTrafficPolicy=local |
KUBE-NODE-PORT-UDP | nodeport type service UDP port | masquerade for packets to nodePort(UDP) |
KUBE-NODE-PORT-LOCAL-UDP | nodeport type service UDP port with externalTrafficPolicy=local |
accept packages to nodeport service with externalTrafficPolicy=local |
在以下情況下,IPVS 代理將依賴 IPTABLES。
1. kube-proxy以–masquerade-all=true啟動
如果kube-proxy以--masquerade-all=true
啟動,IPVS代理將偽裝所有訪問服務集群IP的流量,這與IPTABLES代理的行為相同。假設kube-proxy指定了標誌--masquerade-all=true
,那麼IPVS代理安裝的IPTABLES應該如下所示:
# iptables -t nat -nL
Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-SERVICES all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes service portals */
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-SERVICES all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes service portals */
Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-POSTROUTING all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes postrouting rules */
Chain KUBE-MARK-MASQ (2 references)
target prot opt source destination
MARK all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 MARK or 0x4000
Chain KUBE-POSTROUTING (1 references)
target prot opt source destination
MASQUERADE all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes service traffic requiring SNAT */ mark match 0x4000/0x4000
MASQUERADE all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set KUBE-LOOP-BACK dst,dst,src
Chain KUBE-SERVICES (2 references)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set KUBE-CLUSTER-IP dst,dst
ACCEPT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set KUBE-CLUSTER-IP dst,dst
2. 在kube-proxy啟動時指定集群CIDR
如果kube-proxy以--cluster-cidr=<cidr>
啟動,IPVS代理將偽裝訪問服務集群IP的非集群流量,其行為與IPTABLES代理相同。假設kube-proxy提供的集群cidr是10.244.16.0/24
,那麼IPVS代理安裝的IPTABLES應該如下所示。
# iptables -t nat -nL
Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-SERVICES all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes service portals */
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-SERVICES all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes service portals */
Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-POSTROUTING all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes postrouting rules */
Chain KUBE-MARK-MASQ (3 references)
target prot opt source destination
MARK all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 MARK or 0x4000
Chain KUBE-POSTROUTING (1 references)
target prot opt source destination
MASQUERADE all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes service traffic requiring SNAT */ mark match 0x4000/0x4000
MASQUERADE all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set KUBE-LOOP-BACK dst,dst,src
Chain KUBE-SERVICES (2 references)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- !10.244.16.0/24 0.0.0.0/0 match-set KUBE-CLUSTER-IP dst,dst
ACCEPT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set KUBE-CLUSTER-IP dst,dst
3. loadBalancer類型的服務
對於loadBalancer類型的服務,IPVS代理將安裝IPTABLES與ipset KUBE-LOAD-BALANCER
匹配。特別是當服務的LoadBalancerSourceRanges
被指定或指定externalTrafficPolicy=local時,IPVS代理將創建ipset集KUBE-LOAD-BALANCER-LOCAL
/KUBE-LOAD-BALANCER-FW
/KUBE-LOAD-BALANCER-SOURCE-CIDR
並相應地安裝IPTABLES,它應該看起來像下面所示。
# iptables -t nat -nL
Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-SERVICES all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes service portals */
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-SERVICES all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes service portals */
Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-POSTROUTING all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes postrouting rules */
Chain KUBE-FIREWALL (1 references)
target prot opt source destination
RETURN all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set KUBE-LOAD-BALANCER-SOURCE-CIDR dst,dst,src
KUBE-MARK-DROP all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
Chain KUBE-LOAD-BALANCER (1 references)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-FIREWALL all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set KUBE-LOAD-BALANCER-FW dst,dst
RETURN all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set KUBE-LOAD-BALANCER-LOCAL dst,dst
KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
Chain KUBE-MARK-DROP (1 references)
target prot opt source destination
MARK all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 MARK or 0x8000
Chain KUBE-MARK-MASQ (2 references)
target prot opt source destination
MARK all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 MARK or 0x4000
Chain KUBE-POSTROUTING (1 references)
target prot opt source destination
MASQUERADE all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes service traffic requiring SNAT */ mark match 0x4000/0x4000
MASQUERADE all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set KUBE-LOOP-BACK dst,dst,src
Chain KUBE-SERVICES (2 references)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-LOAD-BALANCER all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set KUBE-LOAD-BALANCER dst,dst
ACCEPT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set KUBE-LOAD-BALANCER dst,dst
4. NodePort類型的服務
對於NodePort類型的服務,IPVS代理將安裝IPTABLES與ipset KUBE-NODE-PORT-TCP/KUBE-NODE-PORT-UDP
的匹配。當指定externalTrafficPolicy=local
時,IPVS代理將創建ipset集KUBE-NODE-PORT-LOCAL-TCP
/KUBE-NODE-PORT-LOCAL-UDP
並相應地安裝IPTABLES,這應該是如下所示的:
假設服務的TCP類型為nodePort。
Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-SERVICES all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes service portals */
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-SERVICES all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes service portals */
Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-POSTROUTING all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes postrouting rules */
Chain KUBE-MARK-MASQ (2 references)
target prot opt source destination
MARK all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 MARK or 0x4000
Chain KUBE-NODE-PORT (1 references)
target prot opt source destination
RETURN all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set KUBE-NODE-PORT-LOCAL-TCP dst
KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
Chain KUBE-POSTROUTING (1 references)
target prot opt source destination
MASQUERADE all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes service traffic requiring SNAT */ mark match 0x4000/0x4000
MASQUERADE all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set KUBE-LOOP-BACK dst,dst,src
Chain KUBE-SERVICES (2 references)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-NODE-PORT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set KUBE-NODE-PORT-TCP dst
5. 指定externalIP的服務
對於指定了外部IP的服務,IPVS代理將安裝IPTABLES與ipset KUBE-EXTERNAL-IP
匹配,假設我們有指定了外部IP的服務,IPTABLES規則應該如下所示:
Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-SERVICES all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes service portals */
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-SERVICES all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes service portals */
Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-POSTROUTING all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes postrouting rules */
Chain KUBE-MARK-MASQ (2 references)
target prot opt source destination
MARK all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 MARK or 0x4000
Chain KUBE-POSTROUTING (1 references)
target prot opt source destination
MASQUERADE all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 /* kubernetes service traffic requiring SNAT */ mark match 0x4000/0x4000
MASQUERADE all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set KUBE-LOOP-BACK dst,dst,src
Chain KUBE-SERVICES (2 references)
target prot opt source destination
KUBE-MARK-MASQ all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set KUBE-EXTERNAL-IP dst,dst
ACCEPT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set KUBE-EXTERNAL-IP dst,dst PHYSDEV match ! --physdev-is-in ADDRTYPE match src-type !LOCAL
ACCEPT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set KUBE-EXTERNAL-IP dst,dst ADDRTYPE match dst-type LOCAL
Kubernetes使用IPVS
安裝IPVS
CentOS
yum install ipset ipvsadm -y
Ubuntu
apt-get install ipset ipvsadm -y
設置
cat > /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules <<EOF
#!/bin/bash
modprobe -- ip_vs
modprobe -- ip_vs_rr
modprobe -- ip_vs_wrr
modprobe -- ip_vs_sh
modprobe -- nf_conntrack_ipv4
EOF
chmod 755 /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules && bash /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules && lsmod | grep -e ip_vs -e nf_conntrack_ipv4
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