profile文件的錯誤載入與基本命令間的映射

2019 年 10 月 4 日
筆記

一、緒論

　　【因為這篇心得是原創的，所以如果有哪處總結或者意見不足的地方，歡迎各位大神的批評和意見，共同學習，謝謝了！】

　　早些時候，需要在centos6.4系統中配置單機版和集群版單節點的hadoop HDFS，由於那時候一邊跟老師學hadoop一邊自學Linux。初學的自己懂得也不多，別人都用普通用戶登錄，在需要root許可權時才sudo或者切換root用戶進行配置，而我呢？從一開始就使用了root登錄，在給java和hadoop配置了profile文件環境變數，等到重啟之後，出現了下圖的現象：進入系統用戶登錄介面後，原本的滑鼠小指針一直都是小時鐘的樣子，無論怎麼點擊都是能移動但是指針的形狀偏偏就變不回來，也無法登錄。

　　那無法登陸了，腫么辦？下意識就問老師吧，可他說他也沒碰到過這種奇怪的現象。也對，但凡是規範的操作又怎麼會碰到我的這種現象呢？想必極為少數吧！沒有了老師的幫助，那時候我一貫的做法就是：強制關機-重啟=不行，正常關機-重啟=不行，之後便乾脆直接放棄了整個系統，啟用新系統從頭開始配置HDFS。這個滑鼠指針變成小時鐘而無法登陸的現象，到現在前前後後碰到不下十遍，也由此令我一直耿耿於心，希望這篇心得能幫到更多與我類似困窘的人吧！

　　這幾個月來，其實，我一直都在追尋是什麼原因導致的系統用戶無法登陸，以及系統的各個配置文件都有些什麼作用？下面先講該怎麼恢復系統的登錄先吧！

二、恢復正常登錄

　　profile文件的錯誤載入而導致系統用戶無法登錄的現象，主要有兩類：profile文件的內容配置錯誤、profile文件在進行vi時被掛起。如果是profile文件的內容配置錯誤，解決的辦法：一是刪除所有自定義配置的內容，但這種方法個人很不推薦；二是沒有載入系統變數。至於profile文件在進行vi時被掛起，解決的辦法就是恢復該文件，再刪除生成的臨時掛起文件。

（1）載入系統變數恢復

　　1、切換到字元介面。可按Ctrl+Alt+F6，由用戶圖形介面切換到字元介面。

　　2、登陸用戶。這裡由於用戶圖形介面本身就是一個應用程式，而不是Linux內核的一部分，所以即使圖形用戶介面完完全全地崩潰了，也是絲毫不影響我們使用字元介面進行常規的操作。這裡，因為是系統的登錄介面損壞，所以建議登錄最高許可權用戶root。

　　3、編輯profile文件。執行如下錯誤，查找並修改錯誤配置內容：

/usr/bin/vim /etc/profile

　　可以看到我這裡缺少了明顯的系統傳遞參數：$PATH 。需要注意的是：如果 export PATH= 後面有多個變數值，在值與值之間需要使用英文的“ ： ”符號隔開。具體修改如下：

　　如果打開的profile文件中，已經存在了$PATH，那麼導致圖形介面無法進行用戶登錄的原因，很可能就是自定義部分的內容存在手動輸入錯誤。如：缺少某個字元或者字元錯誤。倘若，仍然無法找到錯誤的根源，建議將所有自定義配置的內容進行刪除。

　　4、保存退出後，輸入一下內容進行重啟，重啟後便可恢復正常登錄。

/usr/bin/reboot

　　如果不進行重啟的話，也可以使用source命令讓profile文件進行生效，但是不建議。因為這種方式容易導致profile文件的配置生效不完全。

（2）恢復掛起的profile文件

　　如果在配置profile文件內容時，中途斷電或者強迫退出vim編輯，那麼就會在/etc/目錄下，臨時生成profile.swp的隱藏文件，可以使用ll -a或者ls -a來查看是否存在.swp文件。在確保profile配置資訊沒有錯誤之後，記得刪除該文件。刪除的命令不再是” rm -rf profile.swp “，因為在profile文件錯誤載入的情況下rm命令不可直接使用，要在前面加上路徑名稱。具體的步驟類似上面的過程，區別在於第3步後，需要刪除該隱藏文件再重啟。

三、基本映射作用

　　沒錯，前面所執行的命令，如簡單的重啟：

/usr/bin/reboot

　　都在命令前加了路徑名稱。那麼為什麼需要加路徑名稱而不能直接使用呢？這和profile配置文件又有什麼關聯呢？如果每個命令都需要加前綴路徑，這些前綴都相同嗎？如果命令相同那麼為什麼執行下面的命令，會提示“No such file or directory”呢？

yang@cMaster:~]#/usr/bin/ls /etc/profile  bash: /usr/bin/ls: No such file or directory

（1）profile文件的映射類型

　　　我們知道profile文件可進行環境變數的配置，那麼對於命令的映射類型有兩種：用戶變數和系統變數，類似於我們win10的系統環境一樣：

　　　我們先看一下Linux系統下的$PATH都有哪些內容？使用前面修復過的系統，登錄並進入命令終端，輸入如下命令並查看返回資訊：

yang@cMaster:~]#which $PATH  /usr/bin/which: no bin in (/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/java/jdk1.8.0_161/bin:/home/yang)

　　可見，“which”這個命令是屬於/usr/bin/ 目錄下的。至於每個常用的命令都在哪個目錄下，這裡先不討論。我想說的是，我這裡需要提出兩個概念詞，或許早有人為此下過定義，這裡姑且暫用。我提出的概念是：許可權比重、優先度。在許可權比重方面，例如：“ /bin ”要比 “ /usr/local/bin ”許可權大的多，但是“ /usr/local/bin ”的優先度級別比“ /bin ”還大。簡而言之，就是用戶登錄系統後先使用的命令默認是 “ /usr/local/bin ”下的，當 “ /usr/local/bin ”找不到才到第二級別更高許可權的“ /bin ”去找，這對於“/sbin”和“usr/sbin”一樣的道理。這是對於單用戶來說，如果我這裡的yang用戶需要root的許可權，當sudo一下時，會跳出這些目錄而去使用root用戶“ /bin ”、 “ /usr/local/bin ”目錄下的命令等等。

　　我們完全可以這樣來假設，“ /bin ”和“/sbin”是系統環境下的指令庫，而“ /usr/local/bin ”和“usr/sbin”為用戶環境下的指令集。也就是，可以大膽地假設：每個Linux用戶都存在一個系統環境和一個用戶環境。

（2）profile文件的映射作用

　　1、root用戶所定義下的profile環境內容，其他用戶環境可繼承性較大；

　　2、profile文件用於登錄設置的全系統環境和啟動程式。利用vi查看一下profile文件，內容如下：

# /etc/profile    # System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup  # Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc    # It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you  # are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in  # /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this  # will prevent the need for merging in future updates.    pathmunge () {      case ":${PATH}:" in          *:"$1":*)              ;;          *)              if [ "$2" = "after" ] ; then                  PATH=$PATH:$1              else                  PATH=$1:$PATH              fi      esac  }      if [ -x /usr/bin/id ]; then      if [ -z "$EUID" ]; then          # ksh workaround          EUID=`id -u`          UID=`id -ru`      fi      USER="`id -un`"      LOGNAME=$USER      MAIL="/var/spool/mail/$USER"  fi    # Path manipulation

profile文件部分資訊

　　　　將“# /etc/profile# System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup# Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc# It’s NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you# are doing. It’s much better to create a custom.sh shell script in# /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this# will prevent the need for merging in future updates.”粘貼到百度翻譯一下：

　　　　這也恰恰說明了，為什麼profile文件配置不好，會出現滑鼠指針變成小時鐘而無法登陸的現象。

　　3、profile配置文件所自定義的內容，如：export PATH= 後面必須必須跟隨傳遞參數：$PATH 。當不配置export PATH=的值時，$PATH為隱藏屬性。當export PATH=的值被配置時，$PATH的作用是將“ /bin ”、“/sbin”、“ /usr/local/bin ”和“usr/sbin”等目錄下的命令進行聚集和簡化路徑。這也正是，為什麼當profile配置文件損壞時，必須在命令前加路徑名稱的緣故。但是每個命令的路徑名稱又是什麼呢？

（3）常用命令的映射目錄

　　還記得前邊說到的，在profile文件不起作用時，要刪除profile掛起的臨時文件，必須要在rm命令的前面加了上命令的路徑名稱，不然會提示No such file or directory相類似的錯誤。當which $PATH一下，也看到過列舉了一些路徑，我們逐個進去看看：

yang@cMaster:~]#ll /usr/local/bin  total 0

ll /usr/local/bin

-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      87352 Jul 11  2012 pulseaudio  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       1420 Sep 11  2012 pv.sh  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      10152 Nov 15  2012 pwdx  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root         78 Feb 21  2013 pydoc  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        188 Aug 20  2010 pygtk-demo  -rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root       9032 Feb 21  2013 python  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          6 May 14  2018 python2 -> python  -rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root       9032 Feb 21  2013 python2.6  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      82752 Nov 20  2012 quota  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      65856 Nov 20  2012 quotasync  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      60984 Feb 21  2013 ranlib  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      10168 Aug 18  2010 rarian-example  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       1495 Aug 18  2010 rarian-sk-config  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        563 Aug 18  2010 rarian-sk-extract  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       9288 Aug 18  2010 rarian-sk-gen-uuid  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      80856 Aug 18  2010 rarian-sk-get-cl  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        399 Aug 18  2010 rarian-sk-get-content-list  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        419 Aug 18  2010 rarian-sk-get-extended-content-list  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        382 Aug 18  2010 rarian-sk-get-scripts  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       1171 Aug 18  2010 rarian-sk-install  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      89280 Aug 18  2010 rarian-sk-migrate  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      78568 Aug 18  2010 rarian-sk-preinstall  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        821 Aug 18  2010 rarian-sk-rebuild  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       9525 Aug 18  2010 rarian-sk-update  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      14672 Dec 18  2012 ras2tiff  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      20056 Dec 18  2012 raw2tiff  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         28 Jun  6  2018 rcs2log -> ../share/cvs/contrib/rcs2log  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      13560 Nov 11  2010 rdate  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      12480 Feb 21  2013 rdjpgcom  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         33 May 14  2018 readcd -> /etc/alternatives/cdrecord-readcd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     303984 Feb 21  2013 readelf  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         18 May 14  2018 readlink -> ../../bin/readlink  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        800 Nov 12  2012 readmult  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     195632 Nov 12  2012 readom  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         13 May 14  2018 reboot -> consolehelper  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      15528 Jun  2  2014 recode-sr-latin  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     128936 Nov 11  2010 refer  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       9896 Feb 21  2013 rename  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      10624 Feb 21  2013 renice  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      11619 Jun 22  2012 repoclosure  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      11707 Jun 22  2012 repodiff  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       4196 Jun 22  2012 repo-graph  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       7048 Jun 22  2012 repomanage  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      45778 Jun 22  2012 repoquery  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      10225 Jun 22  2012 repo-rss  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      10952 Feb 22  2013 report  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      31144 Feb 22  2013 report-cli  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      22896 Feb 22  2013 reporter-kerneloops  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      14656 Feb 22  2013 reporter-mailx  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      13528 Feb 22  2013 reporter-print  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      40272 Feb 22  2013 reporter-rhtsupport  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      26744 Feb 22  2013 reporter-upload  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     127784 Feb 22  2013 report-gtk  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      20960 Feb 22  2013 report-newt  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      13626 Jun 22  2012 reposync  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       8740 Jun 22  2012 repotrack  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          4 May 14  2018 reset -> tset  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      19520 Nov 11  2010 resizecons  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      10168 Feb 21  2013 rev  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      36136 Nov 10  2010 rfcomm  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      16072 Dec 18  2012 rgb2ycbcr  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         18 May 14  2018 rhgb-client -> ../../bin/plymouth  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      54984 Nov 11  2010 rhythmbox  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      33144 Nov 11  2010 rhythmbox-client  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         27 May 14  2018 rmail -> /etc/alternatives/mta-rmail  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        262 Dec  2  2011 rmail.postfix  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         22 Jul  5  2018 rmic -> /etc/alternatives/rmic  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         22 Jul  5  2018 rmid -> /etc/alternatives/rmid  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         29 Jul  5  2018 rmiregistry -> /etc/alternatives/rmiregistry  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         15 May 14  2018 rnano -> ../../bin/rnano  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      16848 Dec 17  2011 rngtest  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      95704 Feb 21  2013 rpcgen  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      16040 Feb 21  2013 rpm2cpio  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         13 May 14  2018 rpmdb -> ../../bin/rpm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         13 May 14  2018 rpmquery -> ../../bin/rpm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         13 May 14  2018 rpmsign -> ../../bin/rpm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         13 May 14  2018 rpmverify -> ../../bin/rpm  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       2500 Feb 24  2012 rsvg  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      28896 Feb 24  2012 rsvg-convert  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      44080 Feb 24  2012 rsvg-view  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     415000 Apr 11  2012 rsync  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      31888 Jun 22  2012 runcon  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       1411 Sep 26  2011 run-parts  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          3 May 14  2018 rvim -> vim  -rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root      53325 Mar 22  2017 s2p  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     111496 Jun 22  2012 sadf  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     139480 Nov 11  2010 sane-find-scanner  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      81192 Jun 22  2012 sar  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       5896 Nov 10  2010 saytime  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      52304 Nov 11  2010 scanimage  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         27 Jul  5  2018 schemagen -> /etc/alternatives/schemagen  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      15640 Feb 21  2013 scl  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        258 Feb 21  2013 scl_enabled  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      59456 Feb 21  2013 scp  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      16632 Feb 21  2013 script  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      11176 Feb 21  2013 scriptreplay  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         16 May 14  2018 scrollkeeper-config -> rarian-sk-config  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         17 May 14  2018 scrollkeeper-extract -> rarian-sk-extract  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         18 May 14  2018 scrollkeeper-gen-seriesid -> rarian-sk-gen-uuid  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         16 May 14  2018 scrollkeeper-get-cl -> rarian-sk-get-cl  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         26 May 14  2018 scrollkeeper-get-content-list -> rarian-sk-get-content-list  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         35 May 14  2018 scrollkeeper-get-extended-content-list -> rarian-sk-get-extended-content-list  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         21 May 14  2018 scrollkeeper-get-index-from-docpath -> rarian-sk-get-scripts  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         21 May 14  2018 scrollkeeper-get-toc-from-docpath -> rarian-sk-get-scripts  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         21 May 14  2018 scrollkeeper-get-toc-from-id -> rarian-sk-get-scripts  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         17 May 14  2018 scrollkeeper-install -> rarian-sk-install  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         20 May 14  2018 scrollkeeper-preinstall -> rarian-sk-preinstall  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         17 May 14  2018 scrollkeeper-rebuilddb -> rarian-sk-rebuild  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         17 May 14  2018 scrollkeeper-uninstall -> rarian-sk-install  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         16 May 14  2018 scrollkeeper-update -> rarian-sk-update  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      29000 Nov 10  2010 sdiff  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      81048 Nov 10  2010 sdptool  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     819768 Aug 22  2010 seahorse  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     668224 Aug 22  2010 seahorse-daemon  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      18832 Feb 21  2013 secon  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     173496 Nov 10  2010 sedismod  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     145400 Nov 10  2010 sedispol  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     195536 Feb 21  2013 semodule_deps  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      10584 Feb 21  2013 semodule_expand  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      10512 Feb 21  2013 semodule_link  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      14944 Feb 21  2013 semodule_package  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      13576 Aug 16  2010 sendiso  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        238 Mar 27  2018 sentry  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      43944 Jun 22  2012 seq  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         27 Jul  5  2018 serialver -> /etc/alternatives/serialver  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         28 Jul  5  2018 servertool -> /etc/alternatives/servertool  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      14720 Feb 23  2013 sessreg  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      13920 Feb 21  2013 setarch  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      37016 Dec  7  2011 setfacl  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      18448 Sep 23  2011 setfattr  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      10472 Nov 11  2010 setkeycodes  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      12272 Nov 11  2010 setleds  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       9976 Nov 11  2010 setmetamode  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       8800 Feb 21  2013 setsid  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      25704 Feb 21  2013 setterm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         13 May 14  2018 setup -> consolehelper  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       1539 Feb 22  2013 setup-nsssysinit.sh  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      23880 Feb 23  2013 setxkbmap  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      96328 Feb 21  2013 sftp  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          6 May 14  2018 sg -> newgrp  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        265 Nov 17  2000 sgmlwhich  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      39920 Jun 22  2012 sha1sum  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      45776 Jun 22  2012 sha224sum  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      45776 Jun 22  2012 sha256sum  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      51112 Jun 22  2012 sha384sum  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      51112 Jun 22  2012 sha512sum  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      10353 Jun 22  2012 show-changed-rco  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       2567 Aug 22  2010 showchar  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      17672 Nov 11  2010 showconsolefont  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      16570 Jun 22  2012 show-installed  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      14112 Nov 11  2010 showkey  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       9464 Feb 23  2013 showrgb  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      51432 Jun 22  2012 shred  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      38944 Jun 22  2012 shuf  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     171768 Feb 22  2013 signtool  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      91664 Feb 22  2013 signver  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      33728 Feb 21  2013 size  -rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root      18752 Nov 15  2012 skill  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      17568 Nov 15  2012 slabtop  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       2034 Nov 10  2010 sliceprint  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          5 May 14  2018 slogin -> ./ssh  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    1635136 Feb 21  2013 smbcontrol  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    6221904 Feb 21  2013 smbcquotas  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    6246408 Feb 21  2013 smbpasswd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      32512 Nov 11  2010 smp_conf_general  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      32608 Nov 11  2010 smp_conf_route_info  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      45368 Nov 11  2010 smp_discover  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      48832 Nov 11  2010 smp_discover_list  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      33936 Nov 11  2010 smp_phy_control  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      32856 Nov 11  2010 smp_phy_test  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      32920 Nov 11  2010 smp_read_gpio  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      34144 Nov 11  2010 smp_rep_exp_route_tbl  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      35392 Nov 11  2010 smp_rep_general  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      32416 Nov 11  2010 smp_rep_manufacturer  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      32416 Nov 11  2010 smp_rep_phy_err_log  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      32896 Nov 11  2010 smp_rep_phy_sata  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      33728 Nov 11  2010 smp_rep_route_info  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      33816 Nov 11  2010 smp_write_gpio  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      10672 Sep 23  2011 sndfile-cmp  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      19280 Sep 23  2011 sndfile-convert  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      14536 Sep 23  2011 sndfile-info  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      12920 Sep 23  2011 sndfile-metadata-get  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      18608 Sep 23  2011 sndfile-metadata-set  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      18208 Sep 23  2011 sndfile-play  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      20008 Sep 23  2011 sndfile-regtest  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      14448 Aug 19  2010 sndfile-resample  -rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root      18752 Nov 15  2012 snice  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      26137 Feb 21  2013 snmpconf  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      26192 Nov 11  2010 soelim  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        247 Mar 27  2018 solrctl  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     210576 Nov 11  2010 sound-juicer  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        140 Mar 27  2018 spark-shell  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        141 Mar 27  2018 spark-submit  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      31296 Feb 21  2013 speaker-test  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      48336 Feb 21  2013 spice-vdagent  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      17452 Mar 22  2017 splain  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      55360 Jun 22  2012 split  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      26832 Feb 21  2013 sprof  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      59552 Aug 17  2010 sqlite3  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        486 Mar 27  2018 sqoop  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        494 Mar 27  2018 sqoop-codegen  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        504 Mar 27  2018 sqoop-create-hive-table  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        491 Mar 27  2018 sqoop-eval  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        493 Mar 27  2018 sqoop-export  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        491 Mar 27  2018 sqoop-help  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        493 Mar 27  2018 sqoop-import  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        504 Mar 27  2018 sqoop-import-all-tables  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        490 Mar 27  2018 sqoop-job  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        501 Mar 27  2018 sqoop-list-databases  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        498 Mar 27  2018 sqoop-list-tables  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        492 Mar 27  2018 sqoop-merge  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        496 Mar 27  2018 sqoop-metastore  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        494 Mar 27  2018 sqoop-version  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     376920 Feb 21  2013 ssh  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     130288 Feb 21  2013 ssh-add  -rwxr-sr-x. 1 root nobody   112704 Feb 21  2013 ssh-agent  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       1389 Feb 21  2013 ssh-copy-id  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     154864 Feb 21  2013 ssh-keygen  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     216864 Feb 21  2013 ssh-keyscan  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      44952 Feb 22  2013 ssltap  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      10264 Feb 21  2013 stap-merge  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        912 Feb 21  2013 stap-report  ---s--x---. 1 root stapusr  162584 Feb 21  2013 staprun  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      18480 Feb 21  2013 stapsh  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       1184 Jul 11  2012 start-pulseaudio-x11  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       4423 Aug 16  2010 startx  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      50400 Jun 22  2012 stat  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      97840 Nov 10  2010 states  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      63464 Jun 22  2012 stdbuf  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     309088 Feb 21  2013 strace  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      32464 Feb 21  2013 strings  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     219064 Feb 21  2013 strip  ---s--x--x. 1 root root     123832 Feb 21  2013 sudo  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          4 May 14  2018 sudoedit -> sudo  ---x--x--x. 1 root root      59744 Feb 21  2013 sudoreplay  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      34632 Jun 22  2012 sum  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      23536 Feb 23  2013 synclient  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      19096 Feb 23  2013 syndaemon  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         13 May 14  2018 system-config-authentication -> consolehelper  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         13 May 14  2018 system-config-date -> consolehelper  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       1217 Sep 23  2011 system-config-firewall  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       1155 Sep 23  2011 system-config-firewall-tui  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         13 May 14  2018 system-config-keyboard -> consolehelper  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         13 May 14  2018 system-config-network -> consolehelper  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         13 May 14  2018 system-config-network-cmd -> consolehelper  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root         95 Apr  3  2012 system-config-printer  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root         80 Apr  3  2012 system-config-printer-applet  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         13 May 14  2018 system-config-users -> consolehelper  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      17792 Nov 11  2010 system-setup-keyboard  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      14480 Aug 18  2010 tabs  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      96256 Jun 22  2012 tac  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      59696 Jun 22  2012 tail  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      11936 Feb 21  2013 tailf  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     105704 Nov 11  2010 tbl  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      27752 Jun 22  2012 tee  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      33808 Jun 22  2012 test  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      14360 Aug 16  2010 testlibraw  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    1614264 Feb 21  2013 testparm  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       6843 Aug 22  2010 test_ppa  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      23280 Nov 11  2010 test-speech  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       6465 Nov 10  2010 text2wave  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      30888 Nov 11  2010 tfmtodit  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       2295 Aug 16  2010 tgz  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      19784 Dec 18  2012 thumbnail  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      53784 Aug 18  2010 tic  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      16304 Dec 18  2012 tiff2bw  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      69064 Dec 18  2012 tiff2pdf  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      46056 Dec 18  2012 tiff2ps  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      15840 Dec 18  2012 tiff2rgba  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      19088 Dec 18  2012 tiffcmp  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      36000 Dec 18  2012 tiffcp  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     103296 Dec 18  2012 tiffcrop  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      14712 Dec 18  2012 tiffdither  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      20944 Dec 18  2012 tiffdump  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      18384 Dec 18  2012 tiffinfo  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      19280 Dec 18  2012 tiffmedian  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      13072 Dec 18  2012 tiffset  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      15208 Dec 18  2012 tiffsplit  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      17944 Aug 18  2010 time  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      50176 Jun 22  2012 timeout  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      11808 Nov 15  2012 tload  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         23 May 14  2018 tmpwatch -> ../../usr/sbin/tmpwatch  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         27 Jul  5  2018 tnameserv -> /etc/alternatives/tnameserv  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     228568 Nov 10  2010 toc2cddb  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     229096 Nov 10  2010 toc2cue  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      15496 Aug 18  2010 toe  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      68392 Nov 15  2012 top  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     522584 Nov 11  2010 totem  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     175176 Nov 11  2010 totem-audio-preview  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     175104 Nov 11  2010 totem-video-indexer  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     187008 Nov 11  2010 totem-video-thumbnailer  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      15272 Aug 18  2010 tput  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         35 Jun  7  2018 tpvmlp -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/bin/appLoader  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         35 Jun  7  2018 tpvmlpd -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/bin/appLoader  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      41424 Jun 22  2012 tr  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     363616 Nov 11  2010 troff  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      51160 Jun 22  2012 truncate  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      22464 Aug 18  2010 tset  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      35864 Jun 22  2012 tsort  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      25464 Jun 22  2012 tty  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       7131 Feb 21  2013 tzselect  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      21856 Dec  7  2011 ucs2any  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      48648 Dec  7  2011 udisks  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      17528 Feb 21  2013 ul  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         20 May 14  2018 ulockmgr_server -> /bin/ulockmgr_server  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      31752 Jun 22  2012 unexpand  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      39008 Jun 22  2012 uniq  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       4206 Sep 11  2012 unix-lpr.sh  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          2 May 14  2018 unlzma -> xz  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         27 Jul  5  2018 unpack200 -> /etc/alternatives/unpack200  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      61592 Feb 21  2013 unprotoize  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      10208 Feb 21  2013 unshare  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          2 May 14  2018 unxz -> xz  -rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root     164128 Nov 11  2010 unzip  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      76784 Nov 11  2010 unzipsfx  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      40720 Oct 10  2012 updatedb  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      17584 Aug 25  2010 update-desktop-database  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       1275 Feb 21  2013 update-gdk-pixbuf-loaders  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       1260 Feb 21  2013 update-gtk-immodules  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      50360 Nov 11  2010 update-mime-database  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       8360 Nov 15  2012 uptime  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      12437 Jul 19  2011 urlgrabber  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       4202 Mar 17  2010 usb-devices  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      23952 Dec  7  2011 usbhid-dump  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          9 May 14  2018 userformat -> usermount  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      45720 Aug 22  2010 userinfo  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      29896 Aug 22  2010 usermount  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      39176 Aug 22  2010 userpasswd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      27712 Jun 22  2012 users  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      14192 Jul 19  2011 utmpdump  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       9360 Feb 21  2013 uuidgen  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       2220 Aug 16  2010 uz  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     117024 Jun 22  2012 vdir  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       9096 Dec  7  2011 verify_blkparse  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       9415 Jun 22  2012 verifytree  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    1967072 Apr  5  2012 vim  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          3 May 14  2018 vimdiff -> vim  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       2084 Apr  5  2012 vimtutor  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      16520 Jan 21  2013 vino-passwd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      75688 Jan 21  2013 vino-preferences  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         37 Jun  7  2018 vmhgfs-fuse -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/bin64/appLoader  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       8328 Feb 23  2013 vmmouse_detect  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      24880 Nov 15  2012 vmstat  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       9202 Jun  7  2018 vm-support  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     421976 Jun  7  2018 vmware-config-tools.pl  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         37 Jun  7  2018 vmware-guestproxycerttool -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/bin64/appLoader  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         37 Jun  7  2018 vmware-hgfsclient -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/bin64/appLoader  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         37 Jun  7  2018 vmware-toolbox-cmd -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/bin64/appLoader  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     221099 Jun  7  2018 vmware-uninstall-tools.pl  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         52 Jun  7  2018 vmware-user -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/bin64/vmware-user-suid-wrapper  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         43 Jun  7  2018 vmware-xferlogs -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/bin64/vmware-xferlogs  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       8912 Nov 10  2010 volname  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      31776 Aug 17  2010 vorbiscomment  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      15096 Nov 15  2012 w  -r-xr-sr-x. 1 root tty       15224 Jul 19  2011 wall  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      16792 Nov 15  2012 watch  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      14176 Nov 11  2010 watchgnupg  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      46328 Aug 18  2010 wavpack  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    1729376 Feb 21  2013 wbinfo  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      36408 Jun 22  2012 wc  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      68640 Feb 21  2013 wdaemon  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        284 Sep 11  2012 wftopfa  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     362456 Oct 10  2012 wget  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       1784 Feb 21  2013 whatis  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      14616 Feb 21  2013 whereis  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      25528 Sep 23  2011 which  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      30304 Sep 23  2011 whiptail  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      48952 Jun 22  2012 who  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      26280 Jun 22  2012 whoami  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      18368 Jul 18  2011 wnck-urgency-monitor  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     410728 Nov 12  2012 wodim  -rwxr-sr-x. 1 root tty       12016 Feb 21  2013 write  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      13200 Feb 21  2013 wrjpgcom  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         23 Jul  5  2018 wsgen -> /etc/alternatives/wsgen  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         26 Jul  5  2018 wsimport -> /etc/alternatives/wsimport  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      32720 Aug 18  2010 wvgain  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      44128 Aug 18  2010 wvunpack  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          4 May 14  2018 X -> Xorg  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          7 May 14  2018 x86_64 -> setarch  -rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root     268160 Feb 21  2013 x86_64-redhat-linux-gcc  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      46648 Nov 10  2010 xargs  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      43176 Aug 18  2010 xauth  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      15050 Sep 23  2011 xdg-desktop-icon  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      37949 Sep 23  2011 xdg-desktop-menu  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      19059 Sep 23  2011 xdg-email  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      24459 Sep 23  2011 xdg-icon-resource  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      29569 Sep 23  2011 xdg-mime  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      11201 Sep 23  2011 xdg-open  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      21062 Sep 23  2011 xdg-screensaver  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      25055 Sep 23  2011 xdg-settings  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        234 Nov 11  2010 xdg-user-dir  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      26936 Aug 24  2010 xdg-user-dirs-gtk-update  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      21768 Nov 11  2010 xdg-user-dirs-update  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      38112 Feb 23  2013 xdpyinfo  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      12800 Feb 21  2013 xdriinfo  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      25976 Feb 23  2013 xev  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      13072 Feb 23  2013 xgamma  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     224960 Jun  2  2014 xgettext  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      17736 Feb 23  2013 xhost  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      22576 Aug 16  2010 xinit  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      51072 Feb 23  2013 xinput  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         21 Jul  5  2018 xjc -> /etc/alternatives/xjc  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     183296 Feb 23  2013 xkbcomp  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      15368 Feb 23  2013 xkill  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      12720 Feb 23  2013 xlsatoms  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      16576 Feb 23  2013 xlsclients  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      21208 Feb 23  2013 xlsfonts  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      19552 Nov 29  2012 xmlcatalog  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      64864 Nov 29  2012 xmllint  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      26080 Jun 13  2012 xmlwf  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      35744 Feb 23  2013 xmodmap  -rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root    2261800 Feb 22  2013 Xorg  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      40544 Feb 23  2013 xprop  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      53336 Feb 23  2013 xrandr  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      28368 Feb 23  2013 xrdb  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      13336 Feb 23  2013 xrefresh  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      34064 Feb 23  2013 xset  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      10784 Feb 23  2013 xsetmode  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      11544 Feb 23  2013 xsetpointer  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      19776 Feb 23  2013 xsetroot  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      46592 Feb 23  2013 xsetwacom  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      29568 Sep 13  2012 xsltproc  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      16600 Feb 23  2013 xstdcmap  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       4093 Mar 22  2017 xsubpp  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       1573 Jan  8  2013 xulrunner  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      12752 Aug 22  2010 xvattr  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      15000 Feb 23  2013 xvinfo  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      44176 Feb 23  2013 xwininfo  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      17592 Apr  5  2012 xxd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      51840 Aug 22  2010 xz  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          2 May 14  2018 xzcat -> xz  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          6 May 14  2018 xzcmp -> xzdiff  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      15464 Aug 22  2010 xzdec  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       5220 Aug 22  2010 xzdiff  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          6 May 14  2018 xzegrep -> xzgrep  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          6 May 14  2018 xzfgrep -> xzgrep  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       5207 Aug 22  2010 xzgrep  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       1806 Aug 22  2010 xzless  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       2167 Aug 22  2010 xzmore  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        245 May 24  2018 yarn  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     329320 Feb 24  2012 yelp  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      25664 Jun 22  2012 yes  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        801 Feb 22  2013 yum  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       9056 Jun 22  2012 yum-builddep  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       8007 Jun 22  2012 yum-config-manager  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       7603 Jun 22  2012 yum-debug-dump  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       7931 Jun 22  2012 yum-debug-restore  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      13580 Jun 22  2012 yumdownloader  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      11030 Jun 22  2012 yum-groups-manager  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root         67 Nov 11  2010 zcmp  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       4441 Nov 11  2010 zdiff  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root         62 Nov 11  2010 zegrep  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      92296 Aug 16  2010 zenity  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root         62 Nov 11  2010 zfgrep  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       2022 Nov 11  2010 zforce  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       4975 Nov 11  2010 zgrep  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     216008 Nov 11  2010 zip  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     110376 Nov 11  2010 zipcloak  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       2953 Oct 10  2008 zipgrep  -rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root     164128 Nov 11  2010 zipinfo  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     101856 Nov 11  2010 zipnote  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     105280 Nov 11  2010 zipsplit  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       1731 Nov 11  2010 zless  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       2605 Nov 11  2010 zmore  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       5246 Nov 11  2010 znew  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        413 Mar 27  2018 zookeeper-client  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        739 Mar 27  2018 zookeeper-server  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        740 Mar 27  2018 zookeeper-server-cleanup  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        750 Mar 27  2018 zookeeper-server-initialize  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          6 May 14  2018 zsoelim -> soelim

ll /usr/bin部分內容

yang@cMaster:~]#ll /bin  total 7800  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    123 Feb 21  2013 alsaunmute  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  27776 Jun 22  2012 arch  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      4 May 14  2018 awk -> gawk  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  26264 Jun 22  2012 basename  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 938768 Feb 21  2013 bash  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  48568 Jun 22  2012 cat  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  55472 Jun 22  2012 chgrp  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  52472 Jun 22  2012 chmod  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  57464 Jun 22  2012 chown  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 122736 Jun 22  2012 cp  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 135744 Oct 30  2012 cpio  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      4 May 14  2018 csh -> tcsh  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  45408 Jun 22  2012 cut  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 109672 Oct 17  2012 dash  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  59488 Jun 22  2012 date  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  12600 Sep 13  2012 dbus-cleanup-sockets  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 339080 Sep 13  2012 dbus-daemon  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  18560 Sep 13  2012 dbus-monitor  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  22456 Sep 13  2012 dbus-send  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  11008 Sep 13  2012 dbus-uuidgen  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  53944 Jun 22  2012 dd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  77424 Jun 22  2012 df  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   9944 Feb 21  2013 dmesg  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      8 May 14  2018 dnsdomainname -> hostname  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      8 May 14  2018 domainname -> hostname  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  81120 Nov 11  2010 dumpkeys  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  28176 Jun 22  2012 echo  -rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  53400 Nov 10  2010 ed  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 106400 Mar  7  2012 egrep  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  26368 Jun 22  2012 env  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      2 May 14  2018 ex -> vi  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  25120 Jun 22  2012 false  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  71392 Mar  7  2012 fgrep  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 238952 Nov 10  2010 find  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  41896 Feb 21  2013 findmnt  -rwsr-x---. 1 root fuse  32336 Dec  7  2011 fusermount  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 382456 Aug  7  2012 gawk  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  33488 Jun  2  2014 gettext  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 111360 Mar  7  2012 grep  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      3 May 14  2018 gtar -> tar  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     61 Nov 11  2010 gunzip  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  68616 Nov 11  2010 gzip  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  17848 May 10  2012 hostname  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  14920 Feb 22  2013 ipcalc  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root     41 May 14  2018 iptables-xml -> /etc/alternatives/bin-iptables-xml.x86_64  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root     20 May 14  2018 iptables-xml-1.4.7 -> /sbin/iptables-multi  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  11296 Nov 11  2010 kbd_mode  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  15224 Feb 21  2013 kill  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  26256 Jun 22  2012 link  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  49504 Jun 22  2012 ln  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 112208 Nov 11  2010 loadkeys  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  31592 Feb 21  2013 login  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 117024 Jun 22  2012 ls  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  59848 Feb 21  2013 lsblk  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      5 May 14  2018 mail -> mailx  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 391224 Aug 22  2010 mailx  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  49384 Jun 22  2012 mkdir  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  32496 Jun 22  2012 mknod  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  38048 Jun 22  2012 mktemp  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  41216 Feb 21  2013 more  -rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root  77208 Feb 21  2013 mount  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   9848 Jul 19  2011 mountpoint  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 113328 Jun 22  2012 mv  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 178896 Nov 11  2010 nano  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 128192 May 10  2012 netstat  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  28784 Jun 22  2012 nice  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      8 May 14  2018 nisdomainname -> hostname  -rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root  40760 Jul 18  2011 ping  -rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root  36488 Jul 18  2011 ping6  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  36808 Feb 22  2013 plymouth  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  87088 Nov 15  2012 ps  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  31656 Jun 22  2012 pwd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  11576 Feb 21  2013 raw  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  40056 Jun 22  2012 readlink  -rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  53400 Nov 10  2010 red  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    576 Apr 16  2008 redhat_lsb_init  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  57440 Jun 22  2012 rm  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  40480 Jun 22  2012 rmdir  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      4 May 14  2018 rnano -> nano  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  30600 Feb 21  2013 rpm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      2 May 14  2018 rvi -> vi  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      2 May 14  2018 rview -> vi  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  72248 Jun 22  2012 sed  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  42384 Nov 11  2010 setfont  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  23672 Aug 22  2010 setserial  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      4 May 14  2018 sh -> bash  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  27848 Jun 22  2012 sleep  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  98968 Jun 22  2012 sort  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  65032 Jun 22  2012 stty  -rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root  34904 Jun 22  2012 su  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  25432 Jun 22  2012 sync  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 395472 Feb 21  2013 tar  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  14880 Feb 21  2013 taskset  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 387328 Feb 21  2013 tcsh  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  52656 Jun 22  2012 touch  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  11392 Jul 18  2011 tracepath  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  12288 Jul 18  2011 tracepath6  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  57480 Nov 11  2010 traceroute  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root     10 May 14  2018 traceroute6 -> traceroute  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  25120 Jun 22  2012 true  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  15008 Dec  7  2011 ulockmgr_server  -rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root  53472 Feb 21  2013 umount  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  27776 Jun 22  2012 uname  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   2555 Nov 11  2010 unicode_start  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    363 Nov 11  2010 unicode_stop  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  25760 Jun 22  2012 unlink  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  10256 Feb 22  2013 usleep  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 770248 Apr  5  2012 vi  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      2 May 14  2018 view -> vi  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      8 May 14  2018 ypdomainname -> hostname  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     62 Nov 11  2010 zcat

ll /bin

yang@cMaster:~]#ll /usr/local/sbin  total 0

ll /usr/local/sbin

yang@cMaster:~]#ll /usr/sbin  total 28472  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       28488 Feb 22  2013 abrtd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       24224 Feb 22  2013 abrt-dbus  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        2832 Feb 22  2013 abrt-install-ccpp-hook  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       19208 Feb 22  2013 abrt-server  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          10 May 14  2018 accept -> cupsaccept  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          17 May 14  2018 accton -> ../../sbin/accton  -rwxr-x---. 1 root root       27312 Aug 18  2010 acpid  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        3126 Sep 21  2009 addgnupghome  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root           7 May 14  2018 adduser -> useradd  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          18 May 14  2018 alsactl -> ../../sbin/alsactl  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       18199 Sep 12  2012 alsa-delay  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       27496 Jun 22  2012 alternatives  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       38968 Jul 18  2011 anacron  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        3916 Feb 22  2013 apachectl  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        2264 Dec 18  2009 applygnupgdefaults  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       42704 Feb 21  2013 arpd  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          12 May 14  2018 arping -> /sbin/arping  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       23968 Jan 30  2012 atd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root          67 Jan 30  2012 atrun  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          35 May 14  2018 authconfig -> /usr/share/authconfig/authconfig.py  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          39 May 14  2018 authconfig-gtk -> /usr/share/authconfig/authconfig-gtk.py  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          39 May 14  2018 authconfig-tui -> /usr/share/authconfig/authconfig-tui.py  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       38688 Feb 21  2013 avahi-autoipd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       13968 Jun 22  2012 avcstat  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      109472 Nov 10  2010 bccmd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       18200 Dec  7  2011 biosdecode  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      500176 Nov 10  2010 bluetoothd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       18984 Jun 22  2012 bonobo-activation-sysconf  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       37696 Feb 21  2013 brctl  -rwx------. 1 root root      753736 Feb 21  2013 build-locale-archive  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root         644 Feb 21  2013 cacertdir_rehash  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       16616 Dec  7  2011 capsh  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       27936 Aug 22  2010 chat  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       42616 Dec  7  2011 chpasswd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       31776 Jun 22  2012 chroot  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       18936 Nov 10  2010 ck-log-system-restart  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       19232 Nov 10  2010 ck-log-system-start  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       18936 Nov 10  2010 ck-log-system-stop  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       15520 Jul 18  2011 clockdiff  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      155016 Nov 10  2010 console-kit-daemon  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       70056 Nov 20  2012 convertquota  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       22576 Feb 21  2013 cpuspeed  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        9008 Jun 24  2011 cracklib-check  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root         218 Jun 24  2011 cracklib-format  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        9536 Jun 24  2011 cracklib-packer  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        8648 Jun 24  2011 cracklib-unpacker  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root         990 Jun 24  2011 create-cracklib-dict  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       59832 Jul 18  2011 crond  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       10488 Nov 20  2012 cupsaccept  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       10544 Nov 20  2012 cupsaddsmb  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       10528 Nov 20  2012 cupsctl  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      435896 Nov 20  2012 cupsd  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          10 May 14  2018 cupsdisable -> cupsaccept  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          10 May 14  2018 cupsenable -> cupsaccept  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       28728 Nov 20  2012 cupsfilter  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       65912 Nov 11  2010 cups-genppd.5.2  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       35062 Nov 11  2010 cups-genppdupdate  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          10 May 14  2018 cupsreject -> cupsaccept  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       80856 Dec  7  2011 dmidecode  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      185888 Feb 21  2013 dnsmasq  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       14632 Jul 17  2012 dump-acct  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       14712 Jul 17  2012 dump-utmp  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       14456 Feb 21  2013 e2freefrag  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       78560 Nov 20  2012 edquota  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       50984 Jun 21  2012 efibootmgr  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       32112 Nov 10  2010 eject  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          18 May 14  2018 ethtool -> ../../sbin/ethtool  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       11416 Feb 21  2013 fdformat  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       13608 Feb 21  2013 filefrag  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        8538 Feb 21  2013 firstboot  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       29858 Sep 23  2011 foomatic-addpjloptions  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        1371 Sep 23  2011 foomatic-cleanupdrivers  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        4570 Sep 23  2011 foomatic-extract-text  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        1539 Sep 23  2011 foomatic-fix-xml  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        2140 Sep 23  2011 foomatic-getpjloptions  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        3247 Sep 23  2011 foomatic-kitload  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        4497 Sep 23  2011 foomatic-nonumericalids  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        9322 Sep 23  2011 foomatic-preferred-driver  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        5105 Sep 23  2011 foomatic-printermap-to-gutenprint-xml  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        2606 Sep 23  2011 foomatic-replaceoldprinterids  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root         388 Feb 21  2013 gdm  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      170784 Feb 21  2013 gdm-binary  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root          33 Feb 21  2013 genhomedircon  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       10264 Dec  7  2011 getcap  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        8728 Jun 22  2012 getenforce  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        9272 Dec  7  2011 getpcaps  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       10648 Jun 22  2012 getsebool  -rwx------. 1 root root      686480 Feb 21  2013 glibc_post_upgrade.x86_64  -rwxr-x---. 1 root root       54968 Dec  7  2011 groupadd  -rwxr-x---. 1 root root       46512 Dec  7  2011 groupdel  -rwxr-x---. 1 root root       50800 Dec  7  2011 groupmems  -rwxr-x---. 1 root root       61360 Dec  7  2011 groupmod  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       50600 Dec  7  2011 grpck  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       42416 Dec  7  2011 grpconv  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       42416 Dec  7  2011 grpunconv  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      359064 Jul 19  2011 hald  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       33416 Nov 10  2010 hciattach  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      115032 Nov 10  2010 hciconfig  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       19984 Feb 22  2013 htcacheclean  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      354816 Feb 22  2013 httpd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      368168 Feb 22  2013 httpd.event  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      367240 Feb 22  2013 httpd.worker  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       11192 Feb 22  2013 httxt2dbm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          18 May 14  2018 hwclock -> ../../sbin/hwclock  -rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root       26520 Feb 21  2013 iconvconfig  -rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root       26520 Feb 21  2013 iconvconfig.x86_64  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       39952 Feb 21  2013 irqbalance  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       31800 Apr  5  2012 lchage  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       13552 Feb 21  2013 ldattach  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       52808 Feb 21  2013 ledctl  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       55168 Feb 21  2013 ledmon  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       27976 Apr  5  2012 lgroupadd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       26888 Apr  5  2012 lgroupdel  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       32800 Apr  5  2012 lgroupmod  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       16024 Apr  5  2012 lid  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       32632 Apr  5  2012 lnewusers  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       18064 Feb 21  2013 lnstat  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          17 May 14  2018 load_policy -> /sbin/load_policy  -rwx--s--x. 1 root lock       15808 Aug 18  2010 lockdev  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       59744 Aug 15  2012 logrotate  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        2197 Sep 23  2011 lokkit  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       27208 Nov 20  2012 lpadmin  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       30800 Apr  5  2012 lpasswd  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          27 May 14  2018 lpc -> /etc/alternatives/print-lpc  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       14688 Nov 20  2012 lpc.cups  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       14576 Nov 20  2012 lpinfo  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       10560 Nov 20  2012 lpmove  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      145872 Apr  3  2012 lsof  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          14 May 14  2018 lsusb -> /usr/bin/lsusb  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       33040 Apr  5  2012 luseradd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       28784 Apr  5  2012 luserdel  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       35144 Apr  5  2012 lusermod  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      248760 Feb 21  2013 makedumpfile  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       14118 Feb 21  2013 makewhatis  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          23 May 14  2018 matchpathcon -> ../../sbin/matchpathcon  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          15 May 14  2018 mkdict -> cracklib-format  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        9624 Feb 21  2013 mklost+found  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       10640 Nov 10  2010 mksock  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      317096 Nov 10  2010 modem-manager  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       64512 Aug 16  2010 mtr  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      112912 Nov 12  2012 netscsid  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      858456 Feb 21  2013 NetworkManager  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       65432 Dec  7  2011 newusers  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       20352 Feb 21  2013 nstat  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      614144 Feb 22  2013 ntpd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       70864 Feb 22  2013 ntpdate  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      190160 Feb 22  2013 ntpdc  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      107456 Feb 22  2013 ntp-keygen  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      179728 Feb 22  2013 ntpq  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       19896 Feb 22  2013 ntptime  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       31192 Jun 22  2012 ntsysv  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       14632 Feb 21  2013 open_init_pty  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       12144 Dec  7  2011 ownership  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      353928 Feb 21  2013 packagekitd  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          15 May 14  2018 packer -> cracklib-packer  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        9156 Feb 21  2013 pethtool  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        2932 Feb 21  2013 pifconfig  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          10 May 14  2018 ping6 -> /bin/ping6  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       15536 Feb 21  2013 pk-device-rebind  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       18704 Nov 27  2012 pluginviewer  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        6349 Feb 22  2013 plymouth-set-default-theme  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          33 May 14  2018 pm-hibernate -> /usr/lib64/pm-utils/bin/pm-action  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        1570 Jul 18  2012 pm-powersave  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          33 May 14  2018 pm-suspend -> /usr/lib64/pm-utils/bin/pm-action  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          33 May 14  2018 pm-suspend-hybrid -> /usr/lib64/pm-utils/bin/pm-action  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      213736 Dec  2  2011 postalias  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      119400 Dec  2  2011 postcat  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      304200 Dec  2  2011 postconf  -rwxr-sr-x. 1 root postdrop  180808 Dec  2  2011 postdrop  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      110536 Dec  2  2011 postfix  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      118792 Dec  2  2011 postkick  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      114664 Dec  2  2011 postlock  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      110728 Dec  2  2011 postlog  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      217800 Dec  2  2011 postmap  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      127400 Dec  2  2011 postmulti  -rwxr-sr-x. 1 root postdrop  213736 Dec  2  2011 postqueue  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      127400 Dec  2  2011 postsuper  -r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root      359592 Aug 22  2010 pppd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       53512 Aug 22  2010 pppdump  -r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root       19672 Aug 22  2010 pppoe-discovery  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       17088 Aug 22  2010 pppstats  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     1320696 Dec  7  2011 prelink  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       42416 Dec  7  2011 pwck  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       38296 Dec  7  2011 pwconv  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       29016 Dec  7  2011 pwunconv  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       74400 Nov 20  2012 quota_nld  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       11480 Nov 20  2012 quotastats  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        3443 Dec  6  2012 raid-check  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       15616 Feb 21  2013 readprofile  -rwx------. 1 root root        2896 Feb 22  2013 redhat_lsb_trigger.x86_64  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          10 May 14  2018 reject -> cupsaccept  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       70304 Nov 20  2012 repquota  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       31648 Feb 21  2013 restorecond  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       16744 Feb 22  2013 rotatelogs  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       74664 Nov 20  2012 rpc.rquotad  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       36416 Feb 21  2013 rtacct  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       17856 Feb 21  2013 rtcwake  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       12432 Aug 20  2010 rtkitctl  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       10568 Feb 21  2013 run_init  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       32288 Jul 17  2012 sa  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        8896 Dec  7  2011 safe_finger  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       75784 Nov 11  2010 saned  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       88496 Nov 27  2012 saslauthd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       20320 Nov 27  2012 sasldblistusers2  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       18088 Nov 27  2012 saslpasswd2  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       10256 Jun 22  2012 selinuxconlist  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       10616 Jun 22  2012 selinuxdefcon  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        7968 Jun 22  2012 selinuxenabled  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       19352 Feb 21  2013 semodule  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          21 May 14  2018 sendmail -> /etc/alternatives/mta  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      213616 Dec  2  2011 sendmail.postfix  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       14784 Feb 21  2013 sestatus  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       11032 Dec  7  2011 setcap  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        9296 Jun 22  2012 setenforce  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       82720 Nov 20  2012 setquota  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       14720 Feb 21  2013 setsebool  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       15976 Aug 25  2010 setup  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       15184 May 31  2012 skdump  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        9544 May 31  2012 sktest  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      525072 Feb 21  2013 smartctl  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      500400 Feb 21  2013 smartd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       82472 Dec  2  2011 smtp-sink  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       69168 Dec  2  2011 smtp-source  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       30744 Feb 21  2013 snmpd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       30776 Feb 21  2013 snmptrapd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root         926 Feb 22  2013 sosreport  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       42480 Feb 21  2013 spice-vdagentd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       75056 Feb 21  2013 ss  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      526008 Feb 21  2013 sshd  -r-s--x---. 1 root apache     13984 Feb 22  2013 suexec  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          39 May 14  2018 system-config-authentication -> /usr/share/authconfig/authconfig-gtk.py  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root         142 Jun 22  2012 system-config-keyboard  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root         188 Nov 11  2010 system-config-network  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          45 May 14  2018 system-config-network-cmd -> ../share/system-config-network/netconf_cmd.py  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          45 May 14  2018 system-config-network-tui -> ../share/system-config-network/netconf_tui.py  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root         180 Feb 22  2013 sys-unconfig  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       35648 Dec  7  2011 tcpd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      742032 Mar 26  2012 tcpdump  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       24568 Mar 26  2012 tcpslice  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       14824 Nov 27  2012 testsaslauthd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      248872 Jun 22  2012 thin_check  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      365240 Jun 22  2012 thin_dump  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      370200 Jun 22  2012 thin_restore  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        5816 Feb 22  2013 tickadj  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       21656 Sep 23  2011 tmpwatch  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       10656 Jun 22  2012 togglesebool  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          14 May 14  2018 tracepath -> /bin/tracepath  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          15 May 14  2018 tracepath6 -> /bin/tracepath6  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       19680 Dec  7  2011 try-from  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       12536 Feb 21  2013 tunelp  -rwx------. 1 root root        3784 Feb 21  2013 tzdata-update  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          12 May 14  2018 update-alternatives -> alternatives  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        1755 Feb 21  2013 update-pciids  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        3582 Feb 21  2013 update-smart-drivedb  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       51560 Aug 22  2010 usbmuxd  -rwxr-x---. 1 root root      103096 Dec  7  2011 useradd  -rwxr-x---. 1 root root       69560 Dec  7  2011 userdel  -rws--x--x. 1 root root       41112 Aug 22  2010 userhelper  -rwxr-x---. 1 root root       98680 Dec  7  2011 usermod  -rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root        9000 Feb 22  2013 usernetctl  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root           4 May 14  2018 vigr -> vipw  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       53160 Dec  7  2011 vipw  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        6768 Feb 21  2013 virt-what  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      154680 Feb 21  2013 visudo  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          37 Jun  7  2018 vmtoolsd -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/sbin64/vmtoolsd  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          43 Jun  7  2018 vmware-checkvm -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/sbin64/vmware-checkvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          37 Jun  7  2018 vmware-namespace-cmd -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/bin64/appLoader  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          43 Jun  7  2018 vmware-rpctool -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/sbin64/vmware-rpctool  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root          37 Jun  7  2018 vmware-vmblock-fuse -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/bin64/appLoader  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       14840 Dec  7  2011 vpddecode  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       82656 Nov 20  2012 warnquota  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     7892520 Feb 21  2013 winbindd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       48464 Feb  4  2013 wpa_cli  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       35904 Feb  4  2013 wpa_passphrase  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      712768 Feb  4  2013 wpa_supplicant  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        9416 Jun 22  2012 yum-complete-transaction  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root        8022 Jun 22  2012 yumdb  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       17392 Feb 21  2013 zdump  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root       50256 Feb 21  2013 zic

ll /usr/sbin

yang@cMaster:~]#ll /sbin  total 15320  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   10704 Jul 17  2012 accton  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    8456 Feb 21  2013 addpart  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   23952 Feb 21  2013 agetty  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   94168 Feb 21  2013 alsactl  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   62816 May 10  2012 arp  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   17776 Jul 18  2011 arping  -rwxr-x---. 1 root root   92192 Jun 22  2012 audispd  -rwxr-x---. 1 root root  133072 Jun 22  2012 auditctl  -rwxr-x---. 1 root root  174168 Jun 22  2012 auditd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  149120 Jun 22  2012 aureport  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  167648 Jun 22  2012 ausearch  -rwxr-x---. 1 root root   91720 Jun 22  2012 autrace  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   29752 Feb 21  2013 badblocks  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   36560 Feb 21  2013 biosdevname  -r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root    9722 Feb 21  2013 blkdeactivate  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   27824 Feb 21  2013 blkid  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   17336 Feb 21  2013 blockdev  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1045992 Jun 22  2012 busybox  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   33559 Feb 21  2013 cbq  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   61416 Feb 21  2013 cfdisk  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   29072 Feb 21  2013 chcpu  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   35264 Jun 22  2012 chkconfig  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       7 May 14  2018 clock -> hwclock  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    7896 Feb 22  2013 consoletype  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   14632 Jul 19  2011 crda  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   41640 Jun 22  2012 cryptsetup  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    8592 Feb 21  2013 ctrlaltdel  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   96336 Feb 21  2013 debugfs  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    8416 Feb 21  2013 delpart  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  135344 Feb 21  2013 depmod  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  572256 Feb 22  2013 dhclient  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   25352 Sep 25  2012 dhclient-script  -rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   13168 Jun 22  2012 dm_dso_reg_tool  -r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root   40008 Feb 21  2013 dmeventd  -rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   13168 Jun 22  2012 dmevent_tool  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   26256 Jun 22  2012 dmraid  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       6 May 14  2018 dmraid.static -> dmraid  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   73760 Feb 21  2013 dmsetup  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   55344 Dec  7  2011 dosfsck  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   52288 Dec  7  2011 dosfslabel  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   11979 Feb 21  2013 dracut  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   23288 Feb 21  2013 dumpe2fs  -rwxr-xr-x. 5 root root  197256 Feb 21  2013 e2fsck  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   28296 Feb 21  2013 e2image  -rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   42728 Feb 21  2013 e2label  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   14592 Feb 21  2013 e2undo  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   14712 May 10  2012 ether-wake  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  236848 Feb 21  2013 ethtool  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   15016 Feb 21  2013 faillock  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  106008 Feb 21  2013 fdisk  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    9608 Feb 21  2013 findfs  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    6049 Feb 21  2013 fixfiles  -r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root   14083 Feb 21  2013 fsadm  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   34680 Feb 21  2013 fsck  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   15976 Feb 21  2013 fsck.cramfs  -rwxr-xr-x. 5 root root  197256 Feb 21  2013 fsck.ext2  -rwxr-xr-x. 5 root root  197256 Feb 21  2013 fsck.ext3  -rwxr-xr-x. 5 root root  197256 Feb 21  2013 fsck.ext4  -rwxr-xr-x. 5 root root  197256 Feb 21  2013 fsck.ext4dev  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       7 May 14  2018 fsck.msdos -> dosfsck  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       7 May 14  2018 fsck.vfat -> dosfsck  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   10512 Feb 21  2013 fsfreeze  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    8336 Feb 22  2013 fstab-decode  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   18384 Feb 21  2013 fstrim  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   29160 Jun 24  2011 fuser  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    8096 Feb 22  2013 genhostid  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   11992 Feb 22  2013 getkey  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  754248 Feb 21  2013 grub  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   50456 Jun 22  2012 grubby  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    2463 Feb 21  2013 grub-crypt  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   17989 Feb 21  2013 grub-install  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    2293 Feb 21  2013 grub-md5-crypt  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    2473 Feb 21  2013 grub-terminfo  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       6 May 14  2018 halt -> reboot  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  100664 Nov 11  2010 hdparm  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   48144 Feb 21  2013 hwclock  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    3056 Feb 21  2013 ifcfg  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   73936 May 10  2012 ifconfig  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    1331 Jan  9  2013 ifdown  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   22168 Jul 18  2011 ifenslave  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   32216 Aug 18  2010 ifrename  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    4367 Jan  9  2013 ifup  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  150352 Jun 22  2012 init  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  138784 Jun 22  2012 initctl  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   14120 Feb 21  2013 insmod  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  797088 Feb 21  2013 insmod.static  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   43584 Aug 19  2010 install-info  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    2670 Jun 22  2012 installkernel  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  236152 Feb 21  2013 ip  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      34 May 14  2018 ip6tables -> /etc/alternatives/ip6tables.x86_64  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      15 May 14  2018 ip6tables-1.4.7 -> ip6tables-multi  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      45 May 14  2018 ip6tables-multi -> /etc/alternatives/sbin-ip6tables-multi.x86_64  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   50040 Feb 21  2013 ip6tables-multi-1.4.7  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      47 May 14  2018 ip6tables-restore -> /etc/alternatives/sbin-ip6tables-restore.x86_64  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      15 May 14  2018 ip6tables-restore-1.4.7 -> ip6tables-multi  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      44 May 14  2018 ip6tables-save -> /etc/alternatives/sbin-ip6tables-save.x86_64  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      15 May 14  2018 ip6tables-save-1.4.7 -> ip6tables-multi  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   19352 May 10  2012 ipmaddr  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      33 May 14  2018 iptables -> /etc/alternatives/iptables.x86_64  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      14 May 14  2018 iptables-1.4.7 -> iptables-multi  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      44 May 14  2018 iptables-multi -> /etc/alternatives/sbin-iptables-multi.x86_64  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   58872 Feb 21  2013 iptables-multi-1.4.7  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      46 May 14  2018 iptables-restore -> /etc/alternatives/sbin-iptables-restore.x86_64  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      14 May 14  2018 iptables-restore-1.4.7 -> iptables-multi  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      43 May 14  2018 iptables-save -> /etc/alternatives/sbin-iptables-save.x86_64  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      14 May 14  2018 iptables-save-1.4.7 -> iptables-multi  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   23272 May 10  2012 iptunnel  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   79112 Aug 22  2010 iw  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   30288 Aug 18  2010 iwconfig  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   18664 Aug 18  2010 iwevent  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   14400 Aug 18  2010 iwgetid  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   36504 Aug 18  2010 iwlist  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   15224 Aug 18  2010 iwpriv  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   14272 Aug 18  2010 iwspy  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   11088 Feb 21  2013 kdump  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  180624 Feb 21  2013 kexec  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   19080 Jul 19  2011 killall5  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   38008 Feb 21  2013 kpartx  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  893872 Feb 21  2013 ldconfig  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   10456 Feb 21  2013 load_policy  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   13104 Feb 21  2013 logsave  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   31952 Feb 21  2013 losetup  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    2365 Feb 21  2013 lsinitrd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    9096 Feb 21  2013 lsmod  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   71800 Feb 21  2013 lspci  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       9 May 14  2018 lspcmcia -> pccardctl  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 lvchange -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 lvconvert -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 lvcreate -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 lvdisplay -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 lvextend -> lvm  -r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root 1013336 Feb 21  2013 lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 lvmchange -> lvm  -r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root    6691 Feb 21  2013 lvmconf  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 lvmdiskscan -> lvm  -r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root    7301 Feb 21  2013 lvmdump  -r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root   49480 Feb 21  2013 lvmetad  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 lvmsadc -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 lvmsar -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 lvreduce -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 lvremove -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 lvrename -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 lvresize -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 lvs -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 lvscan -> lvm  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   28792 Nov 10  2010 MAKEDEV  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   12024 Jun 22  2012 matchpathcon  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  467208 Feb 21  2013 mdadm  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  307128 Feb 21  2013 mdmon  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   11696 Feb 21  2013 microcode_ctl  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   21760 May 10  2012 mii-diag  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   18200 May 10  2012 mii-tool  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   19144 Sep 23  2011 mingetty  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   30592 Dec  7  2011 mkdosfs  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  109796 Feb 21  2013 mkdumprd  -rwxr-xr-x. 5 root root   68960 Feb 21  2013 mke2fs  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   10336 Feb 21  2013 mkfs  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   26208 Feb 21  2013 mkfs.cramfs  -rwxr-xr-x. 5 root root   68960 Feb 21  2013 mkfs.ext2  -rwxr-xr-x. 5 root root   68960 Feb 21  2013 mkfs.ext3  -rwxr-xr-x. 5 root root   68960 Feb 21  2013 mkfs.ext4  -rwxr-xr-x. 5 root root   68960 Feb 21  2013 mkfs.ext4dev  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       7 May 14  2018 mkfs.msdos -> mkdosfs  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       7 May 14  2018 mkfs.vfat -> mkdosfs  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   22608 Feb 21  2013 mkhomedir_helper  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    3412 Feb 21  2013 mkinitrd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   22648 Feb 21  2013 mkswap  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   97624 Feb 21  2013 modinfo  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  123184 Feb 21  2013 modprobe  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   11616 Dec  7  2011 mount.fuse  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    1338 Feb 21  2013 mount.tmpfs  -r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root   67536 Jun  7  2018 mount.vmhgfs  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   15600 May 10  2012 nameif  -rwxr-sr-x. 1 root root    8792 Feb 22  2013 netreport  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   13818 Jun 22  2012 new-kernel-pkg  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    7816 Feb 21  2013 nologin  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   43512 Feb 21  2013 pam_console_apply  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   17272 Feb 21  2013 pam_tally2  -rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root   10272 Feb 21  2013 pam_timestamp_check  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   86984 Feb 21  2013 parted  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   14656 Feb 21  2013 partprobe  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   25496 Feb 21  2013 partx  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   36176 Nov 11  2010 pccardctl  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       8 May 14  2018 pidof -> killall5  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    7792 Feb 21  2013 pivot_root  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   10752 May 10  2012 plipconfig  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   76208 Feb 22  2013 plymouthd  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      11 May 14  2018 portrelease -> portreserve  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   14664 Apr  3  2012 portreserve  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       6 May 14  2018 poweroff -> reboot  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   29560 Feb 22  2013 ppp-watch  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 pvchange -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 pvck -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 pvcreate -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 pvdisplay -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 pvmove -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 pvremove -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 pvresize -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 pvs -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 pvscan -> lvm  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  103080 Nov 20  2012 quotacheck  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       7 May 14  2018 quotaoff -> quotaon  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   74240 Nov 20  2012 quotaon  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   20576 Jul 18  2011 rdisc  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   26976 Aug 23  2010 readahead  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   28392 Aug 23  2010 readahead-collector  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   14832 Jun 22  2012 reboot  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   11488 Jul 19  2011 regdbdump  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       7 May 14  2018 reload -> initctl  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   41712 Feb 21  2013 resize2fs  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       7 May 14  2018 restart -> initctl  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       8 May 14  2018 restorecon -> setfiles  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   12416 Aug 22  2010 rfkill  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   16672 Feb 21  2013 rmmod  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   17632 Dec 17  2011 rngd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   59784 May 10  2012 route  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  391968 Feb 21  2013 rsyslogd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   38248 Feb 21  2013 rtmon  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   14352 Jun 22  2012 runlevel  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   32696 Jun 22  2012 runuser  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      19 May 14  2018 scsi_id -> ../lib/udev/scsi_id  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   10600 Feb 22  2013 securetty  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    1694 Feb 22  2013 service  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   23168 Feb 21  2013 setfiles  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   23928 Feb 21  2013 setpci  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    1503 Feb 25  2010 setregdomain  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root     850 Feb 22  2013 setsysfont  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   64928 Feb 21  2013 sfdisk  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   16752 Aug 22  2010 sgpio  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   60400 Jun 22  2012 shutdown  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   38224 May 10  2012 slattach  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  686520 Feb 21  2013 sln  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       7 May 14  2018 start -> initctl  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    8109 Feb 21  2013 start_udev  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       7 May 14  2018 status -> initctl  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       7 May 14  2018 stop -> initctl  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   17040 Jul 19  2011 sulogin  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      67 Feb 22  2013 sushell  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       6 May 14  2018 swapoff -> swapon  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   28792 Feb 21  2013 swapon  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   12232 Feb 21  2013 switch_root  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   16768 Nov 15  2012 sysctl  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  259232 Feb 21  2013 tc  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   51536 Jun 22  2012 telinit  -rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   42728 Feb 21  2013 tune2fs  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  137256 Feb 21  2013 udevadm  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  129120 Feb 21  2013 udevd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   12224 Jul 19  2011 umount.hal  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   12440 Dec  7  2011 umount.udisks  -rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root   34840 Feb 21  2013 unix_chkpwd  -rwx------. 1 root root   34840 Feb 21  2013 unix_update  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   13480 Aug 18  2010 vconfig  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 vgcfgbackup -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 vgcfgrestore -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 vgchange -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 vgck -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 vgconvert -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 vgcreate -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 vgdisplay -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 vgexport -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 vgextend -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 vgimport -> lvm  -r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root   10399 Feb 21  2013 vgimportclone  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 vgmerge -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 vgmknodes -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 vgreduce -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 vgremove -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 vgrename -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 vgs -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 vgscan -> lvm  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       3 May 14  2018 vgsplit -> lvm  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   17400 Feb 21  2013 vmcore-dmesg  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   15410 Feb 21  2013 weak-modules  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   16576 Feb 21  2013 wipefs

ll /sbin

yang@cMaster:~]#ll /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_161/bin  total 732  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7965 Dec 19  2017 appletviewer  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root      8 Jul  5  2018 ControlPanel -> jcontrol  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7941 Dec 19  2017 extcheck  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7973 Dec 19  2017 idlj  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7925 Dec 19  2017 jar  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7957 Dec 19  2017 jarsigner  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7734 Dec 19  2017 java  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7941 Dec 19  2017 javac  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7941 Dec 19  2017 javadoc  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   2293 Dec 19  2017 javafxpackager  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7941 Dec 19  2017 javah  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7941 Dec 19  2017 javap  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   2293 Dec 19  2017 javapackager  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   1809 Dec 19  2017 java-rmi.cgi  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 132017 Dec 19  2017 javaws  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7925 Dec 19  2017 jcmd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   8013 Dec 19  2017 jconsole  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   6264 Dec 19  2017 jcontrol  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7981 Dec 19  2017 jdb  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7941 Dec 19  2017 jdeps  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7941 Dec 19  2017 jhat  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   8109 Dec 19  2017 jinfo  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7941 Dec 19  2017 jjs  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   8109 Dec 19  2017 jmap  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  28262 Dec 19  2017 jmc  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    402 Nov 24  2016 jmc.ini  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7925 Dec 19  2017 jps  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7949 Dec 19  2017 jrunscript  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7981 Dec 19  2017 jsadebugd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   8109 Dec 19  2017 jstack  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7941 Dec 19  2017 jstat  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7941 Dec 19  2017 jstatd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   5110 Jan 14  2017 jvisualvm  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7941 Dec 19  2017 keytool  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7949 Dec 19  2017 native2ascii  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   8149 Dec 19  2017 orbd  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7957 Dec 19  2017 pack200  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7997 Dec 19  2017 policytool  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7925 Dec 19  2017 rmic  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7941 Dec 19  2017 rmid  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7949 Dec 19  2017 rmiregistry  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7957 Dec 19  2017 schemagen  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7941 Dec 19  2017 serialver  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7965 Dec 19  2017 servertool  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   8181 Dec 19  2017 tnameserv  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 231482 Dec 19  2017 unpack200  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7941 Dec 19  2017 wsgen  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7957 Dec 19  2017 wsimport  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   7957 Dec 19  2017 xjc

ll /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_161/bin

yang@cMaster:~]#ll /home/yang  total 80  drwxr-xr-x. 2 yang yang  4096 May 30 02:50 Desktop  drwxr-xr-x. 2 yang yang  4096 May 14  2018 Documents  drwxr-xr-x. 2 yang yang  4096 May 14  2018 Downloads  -rw-rw-r--. 1 yang yang 11103 Jun  6  2018 log-pig-flume.txt  -rw-rw-r--. 1 yang yang     0 Jun  6  2018 log-pig-flume.txt~  -rw-rw-r--. 1 yang yang 30161 Jun  6  2018 log-proxy.txt  drwxr-xr-x. 2 yang yang  4096 May 14  2018 Music  drwxr-xr-x. 2 yang yang  4096 May 30 02:11 Pictures  drwxr-xr-x. 2 yang yang  4096 May 14  2018 Public  drwxr-xr-x. 2 yang yang  4096 May 14  2018 Templates  drwxr-xr-x. 2 yang yang  4096 May 14  2018 Videos  drwxrwxr-x. 4 yang yang  4096 Jul  5  2018 workspac

ll /home/yang

小結

　　可見，我們經常使用的命令，如：reboot ，其完整的名稱為“ /usr/bin/reboot ”，它的簡化功勞得虧於profile配置文件和其他文件的組合應用。同時，profile配置文件主要用於登錄設置的全系統環境和啟動程式。如果profile配置文件出現問題會直接影響到圖形介面的使用，但不影響字元介面的正常操作。