從零開始搭建伺服器之更加優雅地部署項目

2019 年 12 月 2 日
筆記

如果你需要經常性需要多處部署同樣的項目,如果你曾經也遇到過"明明在我電腦運行得好好的"問題,如果聽說過 Docker 但還沒用過,如果你不確定你到底需不需要 Docker ,那麼,希望你花時間閱讀一下這篇文章!

因為 Docker 將幫助你輕鬆運行自己不熟悉語言編寫的開源項目,幫助你更加優雅地部署自己的項目,省去重複下載並配置環境的繁瑣過程…

現在讓我們先睹為快,預覽一下基於 Docker 部署項目的實際效果,希望能讓你對 Docker 有個初步的印象!

Docker 部署的 nginx 作為反向代理伺服器,支援 https 訪問以及泛域名解析.

> 體驗地址: https://snowdreams1006.cn/

Docker 部署的 letsencrypt 免費製作泛域名證書並整合反向代理服務 nginx 實現 https 訪問.

> 體驗地址: https://www.snowdreams1006.cn/

Docker 部署的 nginx 作為靜態伺服器,部署靜態網站用於演示靜態部落格功能.

> 體驗地址: https://resume.snowdreams1006.cn/

Docker 部署的 bark 作為後端伺服器,部署開源項目用於充當消息推送伺服器.

> 體驗地址: https://bark.snowdreams1006.cn/ping

Docker 部署的 webhook 作為後端伺服器,部署開源項目用於接收 Webhook 事件回調.

> 體驗地址: https://webhook.snowdreams1006.cn/hooks/github

Docker 部署的 blog 作為靜態伺服器,基於 Github Action 或 Webhook 實現部落格內容自動更新並推送消息.

> Github 倉庫內容更新後觸發 Github Action 自動構建並部署遠程伺服器靜態部落格,同時發送的 Webhook 事件給 webhook 鉤子容器,緊接著調用 bark 消息推送容器,實現消息推送到微信消息以及 app 通知.

> Github 倉庫更新後自動運行 Github Action 源碼構建靜態部落格並上傳到遠程伺服器,blog 容器會立即重啟完成內容更新.

> Github 倉庫更新後發送 Webhooks 到遠程伺服器,webhook 容器接收到請求後轉發給 bark 容器,進而推送給手機.

無論是熟悉的開源項目還是陌生的開源項目,Docker 讓這些不一樣變得一樣,統一的管理方式使得使用成本大大降低,更加優雅地部署項目,真的不止是說說而已!

前提條件

目前在 Linux 系統上安裝 Docker,對系統版本有以下要求:

CentOS : 7
Debian : 7.7(Wheezy LTS)、8.0(Jessie LTS)、9(Stretch)
Fedora : 24、25
Ubuntu : 16.04(Xenial LTS)、14.04(Trusty LTS)、17.04(Zesty)

一方面上述前提條件基本上新伺服器都會滿足,另一方面筆者對此並未深入實驗,請讀者自行驗證,下面主要以 Centos7.6 為例講解如何安裝 Docker .

驗證環境

對於新手來說,儘管安裝 Docker 非常簡單,但是總是不可避免地會遇到一些意外情況,或許是安裝出錯需要重新安裝或者是不確定遠程伺服器是否已經安裝,所以開始安裝前還是先看一下到底有沒有安裝過 Docker 吧!

調用 docker 命令

首先連接到遠程伺服器後運行 docker 命令,如果像下面那樣輸出一大堆用法介紹,那麼證明 Docker 已經成功安裝過,並且可能已經配置好相關環境了.

你現在唯一要做的就是學習一下 Docker 的基本用法,因為不用自己安裝 Docker 環境,基本上也可以不必往下看了.

[root@snowdreams1006 ~]# docker    Usage:	docker [OPTIONS] COMMAND    A self-sufficient runtime for containers    Options:        --config string      Location of client config files (default "/root/.docker")    -c, --context string     Name of the context to use to connect to the daemon (overrides DOCKER_HOST env var and default context set with "docker context use")    -D, --debug              Enable debug mode    -H, --host list          Daemon socket(s) to connect to    -l, --log-level string   Set the logging level ("debug"|"info"|"warn"|"error"|"fatal") (default "info")        --tls                Use TLS; implied by --tlsverify        --tlscacert string   Trust certs signed only by this CA (default "/root/.docker/ca.pem")        --tlscert string     Path to TLS certificate file (default "/root/.docker/cert.pem")        --tlskey string      Path to TLS key file (default "/root/.docker/key.pem")        --tlsverify          Use TLS and verify the remote    -v, --version            Print version information and quit    Management Commands:    builder     Manage builds    config      Manage Docker configs    container   Manage containers    context     Manage contexts    engine      Manage the docker engine    image       Manage images    network     Manage networks    node        Manage Swarm nodes    plugin      Manage plugins    secret      Manage Docker secrets    service     Manage services    stack       Manage Docker stacks    swarm       Manage Swarm    system      Manage Docker    trust       Manage trust on Docker images    volume      Manage volumes    Commands:    attach      Attach local standard input, output, and error streams to a running container    build       Build an image from a Dockerfile    commit      Create a new image from a container's changes    cp          Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem    create      Create a new container    diff        Inspect changes to files or directories on a container's filesystem    events      Get real time events from the server    exec        Run a command in a running container    export      Export a container's filesystem as a tar archive    history     Show the history of an image    images      List images    import      Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image    info        Display system-wide information    inspect     Return low-level information on Docker objects    kill        Kill one or more running containers    load        Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN    login       Log in to a Docker registry    logout      Log out from a Docker registry    logs        Fetch the logs of a container    pause       Pause all processes within one or more containers    port        List port mappings or a specific mapping for the container    ps          List containers    pull        Pull an image or a repository from a registry    push        Push an image or a repository to a registry    rename      Rename a container    restart     Restart one or more containers    rm          Remove one or more containers    rmi         Remove one or more images    run         Run a command in a new container    save        Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)    search      Search the Docker Hub for images    start       Start one or more stopped containers    stats       Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics    stop        Stop one or more running containers    tag         Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE    top         Display the running processes of a container    unpause     Unpause all processes within one or more containers    update      Update configuration of one or more containers    version     Show the Docker version information    wait        Block until one or more containers stop, then print their exit codes    Run 'docker COMMAND --help' for more information on a command.

如果你輸入 docker 提示 command not found ,說明伺服器很可能並沒有安裝 Docker 環境,下面就教你如何一步一步安裝 Docker 環境!

安裝 `Docker`

Step 1 : 移除舊版本

sudo yum remove docker                     docker-client                     docker-client-latest                     docker-common                     docker-latest                     docker-latest-logrotate                     docker-logrotate                     docker-engine

> 這一步是可選的,是因為最新版 Docker 的名稱已經發生了變化,為了保證安裝的是最新版的 Docker-CE ,所以首先卸載可能已經安裝過的舊版本.

Step 2 : 安裝必要系統依賴

sudo yum install -y yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2

> 安裝一些必要依賴,跟著官方教程說明走就好了,即使系統已存在該環境也可以再次運行,放心複製粘貼吧!

Step 3 : 添加軟體源資訊

sudo yum-config-manager --add-repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo

Step 4 : 更新 yum 快取

sudo yum makecache fast

Step 5 : 安裝 docker-ce

sudo yum -y install docker-ce

如果上述安裝過程中沒有出現任何報錯,那麼現在已經安裝好基本的 Docker 環境!

啟動 `Docker`

查看狀態

sudo systemctl status docker

> 初次安裝成功後默認是不會自動啟動 Docker 服務的,此時查看運行狀態的輸出結果不會包括 Active: active (running) 而是 Active: inactive (dead) .

首次啟動

sudo systemctl start docker

> 安裝後默認是沒有啟動 Docker 服務的,因此安裝後需要先啟動 Docker 服務,再次查看運行狀態 sudo systemctl status docker 應該會出現正在運行 Active: active (running) .

重新啟動

sudo systemctl restart docker

> 如果 Docker 服務已停止可以重新啟動,如果已經啟動也可以重新啟動.

停止服務

sudo systemctl stop docker

> 如果正在運行的 Docker 存在問題需要停止維修,那麼可以先停止 Docker 服務,待維修結束後可以運行 sudo systemctl start docker 再次啟動服務.

檢查自啟

systemctl list-unit-files | grep enabled | grep docker

> 檢查 Docker 服務是否會開機自啟,如果存在結果則表示會開機自啟,如果沒有結果則表示不會開機自啟.

開機自啟

sudo systemctl enable docker

> Docker 服務是非常重要的進程服務,一般需要開機自啟,保證意外關機後能自行恢復服務,推薦開機自啟.

禁止自啟

sudo systemctl disable docker

> 如果不小心設置了開機自啟而你真的不打算開機自啟的話,那麼可以禁用開機自啟功能,下次電腦重啟後不會自動啟動Docker 服務.

查看版本

docker version

查看當前安裝的 Docker 版本資訊,可以看出來主要分為兩部分: Client: Docker Engine - Community 和 Server: Docker Engine - Community .

[root@snowdreams1006 ~]# docker version  Client: Docker Engine - Community   Version:           19.03.5   API version:       1.40   Go version:        go1.12.12   Git commit:        633a0ea   Built:             Wed Nov 13 07:25:41 2019   OS/Arch:           linux/amd64   Experimental:      false    Server: Docker Engine - Community   Engine:    Version:          19.03.5    API version:      1.40 (minimum version 1.12)    Go version:       go1.12.12    Git commit:       633a0ea    Built:            Wed Nov 13 07:24:18 2019    OS/Arch:          linux/amd64    Experimental:     false   containerd:    Version:          1.2.10    GitCommit:        b34a5c8af56e510852c35414db4c1f4fa6172339   runc:    Version:          1.0.0-rc8+dev    GitCommit:        3e425f80a8c931f88e6d94a8c831b9d5aa481657   docker-init:    Version:          0.18.0    GitCommit:        fec3683

現在並不必關心具體的版本資訊,只要運行 docker version 命令後能夠輸出類似資訊即可,接下來開始真正的表演!

鏡像加速

Docker 服務已經安裝並啟動,接下來我們可以基於 Docker 部署應用了,當然現在離真正部署自己的應用還有不小距離,但是我們可以運行公開的應用啊!

學習任何新語言的第一件事就是運行 hello world ,學習 Docker 容器化部署也不例外,我們也運行 Docker 版本的 hello world !

當我們敲入 docker run hello-world 命令後,終端會輸出下列內容,只要輸出 Hello from Docker! 字樣就證明環境已經搭建完畢!

[root@snowdreams1006 ~]# docker run hello-world  Unable to find image 'hello-world:latest' locally  latest: Pulling from library/hello-world  1b930d010525: Pull complete  Digest: sha256:4df8ca8a7e309c256d60d7971ea14c27672fc0d10c5f303856d7bc48f8cc17ff  Status: Downloaded newer image for hello-world:latest    Hello from Docker!  This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.    To generate this message, Docker took the following steps:   1. The Docker client contacted the Docker daemon.   2. The Docker daemon pulled the "hello-world" image from the Docker Hub.      (amd64)   3. The Docker daemon created a new container from that image which runs the      executable that produces the output you are currently reading.   4. The Docker daemon streamed that output to the Docker client, which sent it      to your terminal.    To try something more ambitious, you can run an Ubuntu container with:   $ docker run -it ubuntu bash    Share images, automate workflows, and more with a free Docker ID:   https://hub.docker.com/    For more examples and ideas, visit:   https://docs.docker.com/get-started/    [root@snowdreams1006 ~]#

如果你的網速比較慢,上述過程可能有一些耗時,但是如果你的網速一般而上述過程異常慢,很可能是因為你沒有配置鏡像!

因為 Docker 默認是先從國外下載項目到本地,然後再運行服務的,正如我們平時訪問 Github 一樣,那網速不是一般的慢!

Github 沒有鏡像加速地址並不能為我們加速訪問,但是 Docker 項目倉庫是有鏡像倉庫的,中國提供這種鏡像服務的有不少,基本上都需要註冊帳號獲取鏡像地址之類的.

這裡提供一下網易的鏡像倉庫地址 http://hub-mirror.c.163.com 以及阿里雲的個人鏡像倉庫地址 https://8upnmlh3.mirror.aliyuncs.com .

只要將鏡像地址配置給 Docker ,下一次再下載項目時速度應該就會得到明顯提升!

首選打開並編輯 /etc/docker/daemon.json 文件,如果沒有的話就新建該文件,內容如下:

{    "registry-mirrors": ["http://hub-mirror.c.163.com"]  }

保存後重啟 Docker 服務,試一試運行 docker pull nginx 會不會很快呢?

卸載 docker

假如發現意外想要重新安裝 Docker 服務或者就是想要卸載 Docker ,那麼只需要簡單運行下列命令就能清除掉 Docker 環境!

sudo yum remove docker-ce  sudo rm -rf /var/lib/docker

此時再次運行 docker 命令就會提示 command not found ,期待下一次相見會讓人煥然一新!

基本命令

正如初次見面的那樣,當我們成功安裝 Docker 後控制台輸出了一大堆關於用法的介紹,只不過當時年少輕狂並不在乎,驀然回首,竟發現如此有用!

[root@snowdreams1006 ~]# docker    Usage:	docker [OPTIONS] COMMAND    A self-sufficient runtime for containers    Options:        --config string      Location of client config files (default "/root/.docker")    -c, --context string     Name of the context to use to connect to the daemon (overrides DOCKER_HOST env var and default context set with "docker context use")    -D, --debug              Enable debug mode    -H, --host list          Daemon socket(s) to connect to    -l, --log-level string   Set the logging level ("debug"|"info"|"warn"|"error"|"fatal") (default "info")        --tls                Use TLS; implied by --tlsverify        --tlscacert string   Trust certs signed only by this CA (default "/root/.docker/ca.pem")        --tlscert string     Path to TLS certificate file (default "/root/.docker/cert.pem")        --tlskey string      Path to TLS key file (default "/root/.docker/key.pem")        --tlsverify          Use TLS and verify the remote    -v, --version            Print version information and quit    Management Commands:    builder     Manage builds    config      Manage Docker configs    container   Manage containers    context     Manage contexts    engine      Manage the docker engine    image       Manage images    network     Manage networks    node        Manage Swarm nodes    plugin      Manage plugins    secret      Manage Docker secrets    service     Manage services    stack       Manage Docker stacks    swarm       Manage Swarm    system      Manage Docker    trust       Manage trust on Docker images    volume      Manage volumes    Commands:    attach      Attach local standard input, output, and error streams to a running container    build       Build an image from a Dockerfile    commit      Create a new image from a container's changes    cp          Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem    create      Create a new container    diff        Inspect changes to files or directories on a container's filesystem    events      Get real time events from the server    exec        Run a command in a running container    export      Export a container's filesystem as a tar archive    history     Show the history of an image    images      List images    import      Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image    info        Display system-wide information    inspect     Return low-level information on Docker objects    kill        Kill one or more running containers    load        Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN    login       Log in to a Docker registry    logout      Log out from a Docker registry    logs        Fetch the logs of a container    pause       Pause all processes within one or more containers    port        List port mappings or a specific mapping for the container    ps          List containers    pull        Pull an image or a repository from a registry    push        Push an image or a repository to a registry    rename      Rename a container    restart     Restart one or more containers    rm          Remove one or more containers    rmi         Remove one or more images    run         Run a command in a new container    save        Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)    search      Search the Docker Hub for images    start       Start one or more stopped containers    stats       Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics    stop        Stop one or more running containers    tag         Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE    top         Display the running processes of a container    unpause     Unpause all processes within one or more containers    update      Update configuration of one or more containers    version     Show the Docker version information    wait        Block until one or more containers stop, then print their exit codes    Run 'docker COMMAND --help' for more information on a command.

自我介紹

用法介紹的第一段就是自我介紹,用法是: docker [OPTIONS] COMMAND ,即 docker + 可選選項 + 必選命令.

表示的含義就是 A self-sufficient runtime for containers 為容器提供一個自包含的運行環境!

Usage:	docker [OPTIONS] COMMAND    A self-sufficient runtime for containers

Docker 類似於生活中超級貨輪,運輸著統一規格的集裝箱,而集裝箱裝著各種各樣的貨物,開往不同的目的地.

容器則是集裝箱,貨輪為集裝箱提供了自包含的環境,集裝箱之間是相互獨立的,這也是對第一段話的簡單解釋.

選項配置

下面我們繼續看第二段內容,主要解釋了有哪些配置項以及這些配置項背後表示的具體含義.

Options:        --config string      Location of client config files (default "/root/.docker")    -c, --context string     Name of the context to use to connect to the daemon (overrides DOCKER_HOST env var and default context set with "docker context use")    -D, --debug              Enable debug mode    -H, --host list          Daemon socket(s) to connect to    -l, --log-level string   Set the logging level ("debug"|"info"|"warn"|"error"|"fatal") (default "info")        --tls                Use TLS; implied by --tlsverify        --tlscacert string   Trust certs signed only by this CA (default "/root/.docker/ca.pem")        --tlscert string     Path to TLS certificate file (default "/root/.docker/cert.pem")        --tlskey string      Path to TLS key file (default "/root/.docker/key.pem")        --tlsverify          Use TLS and verify the remote    -v, --version            Print version information and quit

只要有一定英語基礎的人應該都能看懂其中的意思,如果對個人細節不是很清楚的話,可以複製粘貼到瀏覽器在線翻譯,這裡就不全文解釋了.

不消息看到了最後一個 -v, --version 選項,表示的意思是列印版本資訊並且退出.

看到這裡我們就明白了,原來之前運行的 docker version 和這裡的 --version 並不是一回事啊!

[root@snowdreams1006 ~]# docker -v  Docker version 19.03.5, build 633a0ea  [root@snowdreams1006 ~]# docker --version  Docker version 19.03.5, build 633a0ea

單純從輸出結果來說,docker --version 更加簡潔,如果只是驗證環境安裝是否成功,還是運行docker --version 比較簡單明了.

管理命令

第三部分是 Docker 支援的管理命令,現在不去深究細節,只要有印象就行,注意這裡有個關於鏡像的命令 docker image

Management Commands:    builder     Manage builds    config      Manage Docker configs    container   Manage containers    context     Manage contexts    engine      Manage the docker engine    image       Manage images    network     Manage networks    node        Manage Swarm nodes    plugin      Manage plugins    secret      Manage Docker secrets    service     Manage services    stack       Manage Docker stacks    swarm       Manage Swarm    system      Manage Docker    trust       Manage trust on Docker images    volume      Manage volumes

因為自我介紹中關於用法是 docker [OPTIONS] COMMAND ,而中括弧 [] 表示該內容是可選的,所以不加任何選項的基本用法就是 docker COMMAND ,因此其中關於 image 命令的完整用法就是: docker image .

[root@snowdreams1006 ~]# docker image    Usage:	docker image COMMAND    Manage images    Commands:    build       Build an image from a Dockerfile    history     Show the history of an image    import      Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image    inspect     Display detailed information on one or more images    load        Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN    ls          List images    prune       Remove unused images    pull        Pull an image or a repository from a registry    push        Push an image or a repository to a registry    rm          Remove one or more images    save        Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)    tag         Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE    Run 'docker image COMMAND --help' for more information on a command.

別有洞天,管理命令中還有子命令,大概用法和之前介紹的內容大致相同,基本用法是: docker image COMMAND .

其中支援的命令中有 ls ,因此調用 ls 命令的最終完整命令就是: docker image ls .

# docker image ls  REPOSITORY             TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE  hello-world            latest              fce289e99eb9        11 months ago       1.84kB

伺服器已安裝的 image 中就包括我們熟悉的 hello-world ,至於什麼是 REPOSITORY ,什麼是 IMAGE 暫時也不用深究,只需要知道如何無文檔使用這些命令即可!

如果用心留意的話,可以看到 Run 'docker image COMMAND --help' for more information on a command. 這麼一句話,看來我們有現成的幫助文檔供我們學習啊!

還是以 ls 命令為例,演示一下如何使用 docker image COMMAND --help 查看幫助文檔.

[root@snowdreams1006 ~]# docker image ls --help    Usage:	docker image ls [OPTIONS] [REPOSITORY[:TAG]]    List images    Aliases:    ls, images, list    Options:    -a, --all             Show all images (default hides intermediate images)        --digests         Show digests    -f, --filter filter   Filter output based on conditions provided        --format string   Pretty-print images using a Go template        --no-trunc        Don't truncate output    -q, --quiet           Only show numeric IDs

麻雀雖小五臟俱全,沒想到 ls 命令還有更加細粒度的用法說明,支援可選參數和 [REPOSITORY[:TAG]] ,除此之外還有 ls, images, list 別名!

如果 ls 有 images 和 list 別名,那麼豈不是意味著 docker image ls 等價於 docker image images 和 docker image list ?

[root@snowdreams1006 ~]# docker image list  REPOSITORY             TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE  hello-world            latest              fce289e99eb9        11 months ago       1.84kB  [root@snowdreams1006 ~]# docker image images  REPOSITORY             TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE  hello-world            latest              fce289e99eb9        11 months ago       1.84kB

從上述輸出結果來看,三者的運行效果確實是一樣的,看來又發現了新大陸!

普通命令

回到 docker 命令的主線,除了管理命令外還是普通命令,這部分命令也是經常性使用到的命令也是重點學習掌握的命令!

Commands:    attach      Attach local standard input, output, and error streams to a running container    build       Build an image from a Dockerfile    commit      Create a new image from a container's changes    cp          Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem    create      Create a new container    diff        Inspect changes to files or directories on a container's filesystem    events      Get real time events from the server    exec        Run a command in a running container    export      Export a container's filesystem as a tar archive    history     Show the history of an image    images      List images    import      Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image    info        Display system-wide information    inspect     Return low-level information on Docker objects    kill        Kill one or more running containers    load        Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN    login       Log in to a Docker registry    logout      Log out from a Docker registry    logs        Fetch the logs of a container    pause       Pause all processes within one or more containers    port        List port mappings or a specific mapping for the container    ps          List containers    pull        Pull an image or a repository from a registry    push        Push an image or a repository to a registry    rename      Rename a container    restart     Restart one or more containers    rm          Remove one or more containers    rmi         Remove one or more images    run         Run a command in a new container    save        Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)    search      Search the Docker Hub for images    start       Start one or more stopped containers    stats       Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics    stop        Stop one or more running containers    tag         Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE    top         Display the running processes of a container    unpause     Unpause all processes within one or more containers    update      Update configuration of one or more containers    version     Show the Docker version information    wait        Block until one or more containers stop, then print their exit codes

命令雖好但不可貪多,還是找到最簡單剛剛用過的 docker run 和 docker version 命令吧!

docker run : Run a command in a new container

表示在新的容器內運行命令,翻譯成生活語言就是在集裝箱內做著不可告人的神秘操作!

docker version : Show the Docker version information

顯示 Docker 版本資訊,還記得 docker --version 嗎?

忘記了的話,往上翻翻看,--version 的描述是 Print version information and quit ,是一種更加簡單的版本資訊.

無論是管理命令還是普通命令,直接輸入命令後都會有相應的用法說明以及幫助資訊,同樣地追加 --help 即可!

[root@snowdreams1006 ~]# docker run  "docker run" requires at least 1 argument.  See 'docker run --help'.    Usage:  docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]    Run a command in a new container

幫助資訊

最後的才是亮點,在命令結尾處追加 --help 可以獲取更加詳細的幫助資訊,這一點不僅適合一級命令 docker image --help 還適合二級子命令 docker image ls --help .

Run 'docker COMMAND --help' for more information on a command.

所以,遇到不懂的或者陌生的命令請一定要記住 --help 幫助命令,這是 docker 全部命令中最重要的一點!

回憶總結

Docker 是一種規範化的部署運維新方式,相對於傳統打包部署的來說,更加統一規範化,貨物是各種各樣的正如開發語言的多樣性一樣,但是集裝箱的出現卻顛覆了物流運輸,帶來了巨大的進步!

如果你是 Java 後台開發,或多或少肯定有著自己獨立部署項目的經歷,先登錄伺服器裝個 Java 環境再裝個 Tomcat 環境,最後在上傳自己的 War 包到 Tomcat 部署目錄,如此重複繁瑣的勞動還不一定能保證一次性成功!

因為有時你的程式碼中很有可能有些絕對路徑,部署到伺服器肯定會報錯,如果缺少了個人文件也會報錯等等,這時候就出現了經典的對話:明明在我的電腦運行地好好的啊!

Docker 的出現在一定程度上解決了這種問題,將應用打包到集裝箱,Docker 作為超級貨輪承載著集裝箱安全快速地運送到目的地,集裝箱內的環境是自給自足的封閉環境,所有的相關依賴一次性全部都給你.

無論是本機運輸這個封閉的集裝箱還是遠程伺服器運輸這個集裝箱結果都是一樣的,再也不會出現環境不一致而導致的相互埋怨情況的發生了!

那麼問題來了,如果給你一個集裝箱,你能安全快速運輸到目的地嗎?如果你手頭上已經有一批貨需要這種集裝箱服務,如何快速封裝成集裝箱呢?

對於第一個問題,本文已經給出答案,那就是 docker + docker COMMAND --help 查詢支援的命令以及查看命令的幫助文檔.

[root@snowdreams1006 ~]# docker    Usage:	docker [OPTIONS] COMMAND    A self-sufficient runtime for containers    Options:        --config string      Location of client config files (default                             "/root/.docker")    -c, --context string     Name of the context to use to connect to the                             daemon (overrides DOCKER_HOST env var and                             default context set with "docker context use")    -D, --debug              Enable debug mode    -H, --host list          Daemon socket(s) to connect to    -l, --log-level string   Set the logging level                             ("debug"|"info"|"warn"|"error"|"fatal")                             (default "info")        --tls                Use TLS; implied by --tlsverify        --tlscacert string   Trust certs signed only by this CA (default                             "/root/.docker/ca.pem")        --tlscert string     Path to TLS certificate file (default                             "/root/.docker/cert.pem")        --tlskey string      Path to TLS key file (default                             "/root/.docker/key.pem")        --tlsverify          Use TLS and verify the remote    -v, --version            Print version information and quit    Management Commands:    builder     Manage builds    config      Manage Docker configs    container   Manage containers    context     Manage contexts    engine      Manage the docker engine    image       Manage images    network     Manage networks    node        Manage Swarm nodes    plugin      Manage plugins    secret      Manage Docker secrets    service     Manage services    stack       Manage Docker stacks    swarm       Manage Swarm    system      Manage Docker    trust       Manage trust on Docker images    volume      Manage volumes    Commands:    attach      Attach local standard input, output, and error streams to a running container    build       Build an image from a Dockerfile    commit      Create a new image from a container's changes    cp          Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem    create      Create a new container    diff        Inspect changes to files or directories on a container's filesystem    events      Get real time events from the server    exec        Run a command in a running container    export      Export a container's filesystem as a tar archive    history     Show the history of an image    images      List images    import      Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image    info        Display system-wide information    inspect     Return low-level information on Docker objects    kill        Kill one or more running containers    load        Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN    login       Log in to a Docker registry    logout      Log out from a Docker registry    logs        Fetch the logs of a container    pause       Pause all processes within one or more containers    port        List port mappings or a specific mapping for the container    ps          List containers    pull        Pull an image or a repository from a registry    push        Push an image or a repository to a registry    rename      Rename a container    restart     Restart one or more containers    rm          Remove one or more containers    rmi         Remove one or more images    run         Run a command in a new container    save        Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)    search      Search the Docker Hub for images    start       Start one or more stopped containers    stats       Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics    stop        Stop one or more running containers    tag         Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE    top         Display the running processes of a container    unpause     Unpause all processes within one or more containers    update      Update configuration of one or more containers    version     Show the Docker version information    wait        Block until one or more containers stop, then print their exit codes    Run 'docker COMMAND --help' for more information on a command.

對於第二個問題,請先預習 docker 相關命令,下一次將實例分享如何使用 docker 運輸集裝箱,感謝你的閱讀!

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