IO 模型知多少 | 程式碼篇
引言
之前的一篇介紹IO 模型的文章IO 模型知多少 | 理論篇
比較偏理論，很多同學反應不是很好理解。這一篇咱們換一個角度，從程式碼角度來分析一下。
socket 編程基礎
開始之前，我們先來梳理一下，需要提前了解的幾個概念：
socket: 直譯為「插座」，在電腦通訊領域，socket 被翻譯為「套接字」，它是電腦之間進行通訊的一種約定或一種方式。通過 socket 這種約定，一台電腦可以接收其他電腦的數據，也可以向其他電腦發送數據。我們把插頭插到插座上就能從電網獲得電力供應，同樣，應用程式為了與遠程電腦進行數據傳輸，需要連接到網際網路，而 socket 就是用來連接到網際網路的工具。
另外還需要知道的是，socket 編程的基本流程。
同步阻塞IO
先回顧下概念：阻塞IO是指，應用進程中執行緒在發起IO調用後至內核執行IO操作返回結果之前，若發起系統調用的執行緒一直處於等待狀態，則此次IO操作為阻塞IO。
public static void Start()
{
//1. 創建Tcp Socket對象
var serverSocket = new Socket(AddressFamily.InterNetwork, SocketType.Stream, ProtocolType.Tcp);
var ipEndpoint = new IPEndPoint(IPAddress.Loopback, 5001);
//2. 綁定Ip埠
serverSocket.Bind(ipEndpoint);
//3. 開啟監聽，指定最大連接數
serverSocket.Listen(10);
Console.WriteLine($"服務端已啟動({ipEndpoint})-等待連接...");
while (true)
{
//4. 等待客戶端連接
var clientSocket = serverSocket.Accept();//阻塞
Console.WriteLine($"{clientSocket.RemoteEndPoint}-已連接");
Span<byte> buffer = new Span<byte>(new byte[512]);
Console.WriteLine($"{clientSocket.RemoteEndPoint}-開始接收數據...");
int readLength = clientSocket.Receive(buffer);//阻塞
var msg = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(buffer.ToArray(), 0, readLength);
Console.WriteLine($"{clientSocket.RemoteEndPoint}-接收數據：{msg}");
var sendBuffer = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes($"received:{msg}");
clientSocket.Send(sendBuffer);
}
}
程式碼很簡單，直接看注釋就OK了，運行結果如上圖所示，但有幾個問題點需要著重說明下：
- 等待連接處
serverSocket.Accept()，執行緒阻塞！ - 接收數據處
clientSocket.Receive(buffer)，執行緒阻塞！
會導致什麼問題呢：
- 只有一次數據讀取完成後，才可以接受下一個連接請求
- 一個連接，只能接收一次數據
同步非阻塞IO
看完，你可能會說，這兩個問題很好解決啊，創建一個新執行緒去接收數據就是了。於是就有了下面的程式碼改進。
public static void Start2()
{
//1. 創建Tcp Socket對象
var serverSocket = new Socket(AddressFamily.InterNetwork, SocketType.Stream, ProtocolType.Tcp);
var ipEndpoint = new IPEndPoint(IPAddress.Loopback, 5001);
//2. 綁定Ip埠
serverSocket.Bind(ipEndpoint);
//3. 開啟監聽，指定最大連接數
serverSocket.Listen(10);
Console.WriteLine($"服務端已啟動({ipEndpoint})-等待連接...");
while (true)
{
//4. 等待客戶端連接
var clientSocket = serverSocket.Accept();//阻塞
Task.Run(() => ReceiveData(clientSocket));
}
}
private static void ReceiveData(Socket clientSocket)
{
Console.WriteLine($"{clientSocket.RemoteEndPoint}-已連接");
Span<byte> buffer = new Span<byte>(new byte[512]);
while (true)
{
if (clientSocket.Available == 0) continue;
Console.WriteLine($"{clientSocket.RemoteEndPoint}-開始接收數據...");
int readLength = clientSocket.Receive(buffer);//阻塞
var msg = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(buffer.ToArray(), 0, readLength);
Console.WriteLine($"{clientSocket.RemoteEndPoint}-接收數據：{msg}");
var sendBuffer = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes($"received:{msg}");
clientSocket.Send(sendBuffer);
}
}
是的，多執行緒解決了上述的問題，但如果你觀察以上動圖後，你應該能發現個問題：才建立4個客戶端連接，CPU的佔用率就開始直線上升了。
而這個問題的本質就是，服務端的IO模型為阻塞IO模型，為了解決阻塞導致的問題，採用重複輪詢，導致無效的系統調用，從而導致CPU持續走高。
IO多路復用
既然知道原因所在，咱們就來予以改造。適用非同步方式來處理連接、接收和發送數據。
public static class NioServer
{
private static ManualResetEvent _acceptEvent = new ManualResetEvent(true);
private static ManualResetEvent _readEvent = new ManualResetEvent(true);
public static void Start()
{
//1. 創建Tcp Socket對象
var serverSocket = new Socket(AddressFamily.InterNetwork, SocketType.Stream, ProtocolType.Tcp);
// serverSocket.Blocking = false;//設置為非阻塞
var ipEndpoint = new IPEndPoint(IPAddress.Loopback, 5001);
//2. 綁定Ip埠
serverSocket.Bind(ipEndpoint);
//3. 開啟監聽，指定最大連接數
serverSocket.Listen(10);
Console.WriteLine($"服務端已啟動({ipEndpoint})-等待連接...");
while (true)
{
_acceptEvent.Reset();//重置訊號量
serverSocket.BeginAccept(OnClientConnected, serverSocket);
_acceptEvent.WaitOne();//阻塞
}
}
private static void OnClientConnected(IAsyncResult ar)
{
_acceptEvent.Set();//當有客戶端連接進來後，則釋放訊號量
var serverSocket = ar.AsyncState as Socket;
Debug.Assert(serverSocket != null, nameof(serverSocket) + " != null");
var clientSocket = serverSocket.EndAccept(ar);
Console.WriteLine($"{clientSocket.RemoteEndPoint}-已連接");
while (true)
{
_readEvent.Reset();//重置訊號量
var stateObj = new StateObject { ClientSocket = clientSocket };
clientSocket.BeginReceive(stateObj.Buffer, 0, stateObj.Buffer.Length, SocketFlags.None, OnMessageReceived, stateObj);
_readEvent.WaitOne();//阻塞等待
}
}
private static void OnMessageReceived(IAsyncResult ar)
{
var state = ar.AsyncState as StateObject;
Debug.Assert(state != null, nameof(state) + " != null");
var receiveLength = state.ClientSocket.EndReceive(ar);
if (receiveLength > 0)
{
var msg = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(state.Buffer, 0, receiveLength);
Console.WriteLine($"{state.ClientSocket.RemoteEndPoint}-接收數據：{msg}");
var sendBuffer = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes($"received:{msg}");
state.ClientSocket.BeginSend(sendBuffer, 0, sendBuffer.Length, SocketFlags.None,
SendMessage, state.ClientSocket);
}
}
private static void SendMessage(IAsyncResult ar)
{
var clientSocket = ar.AsyncState as Socket;
Debug.Assert(clientSocket != null, nameof(clientSocket) + " != null");
clientSocket.EndSend(ar);
_readEvent.Set(); //發送完畢後，釋放訊號量
}
}
public class StateObject
{
// Client socket.
public Socket ClientSocket = null;
// Size of receive buffer.
public const int BufferSize = 1024;
// Receive buffer.
public byte[] Buffer = new byte[BufferSize];
}
首先來看運行結果，從下圖可以看到，除了建立連接時CPU出現抖動外，在消息接收和發送階段，CPU佔有率趨於平緩，且佔用率低。
分析程式碼後我們發現：
- CPU使用率是下來了，但程式碼複雜度上升了。
- 使用非同步介面處理客戶端連接：
BeginAccept和EndAccept - 使用非同步介面接收數據：
BeginReceive和EndReceive - 使用非同步介面發送數據：
BeginSend和EndSend - 使用
ManualResetEvent進行執行緒同步，避免執行緒空轉
那你可能好奇，以上模型是何種IO多路復用模型呢？
好問題，我們來一探究竟。
驗證I/O模型
要想驗證應用使用的何種IO模型，只需要確定應用運行時發起了哪些系統調用即可。對於Linux系統來說，我們可以藉助strace命令來跟蹤指定應用發起的系統調用和訊號。
驗證同步阻塞I/O發起的系統調用
可以使用VSCode Remote 連接到自己的Linux系統上，然後新建項目Io.Demo，以上面非阻塞IO的程式碼進行測試，執行以下啟動跟蹤命令：
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet$ ls
Io.Demo
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet$ strace -ff -o Io.Demo/strace/io dotnet run --project Io.Demo/
Press any key to start!
服務端已啟動(127.0.0.1:5001)-等待連接...
127.0.0.1:36876-已連接
127.0.0.1:36876-開始接收數據...
127.0.0.1:36876-接收數據：1
另起命令行，執行nc localhost 5001模擬客戶端連接。
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo$ nc localhost 5001
1
received:1
使用netstat 命令查看建立的連接。
shengjie@ubuntu:/proc/3763$ netstat -natp | grep 5001
(Not all processes could be identified, non-owned process info
will not be shown, you would have to be root to see it all.)
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:5001 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 3763/Io.Demo
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:36920 127.0.0.1:5001 ESTABLISHED 3798/nc
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:5001 127.0.0.1:36920 ESTABLISHED 3763/Io.Demo
另起命令行，執行 ps -h | grep dotnet 抓取進程Id。
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo$ ps -h | grep dotnet
3694 pts/1 S+ 0:11 strace -ff -o Io.Demo/strace/io dotnet run --project Io.Demo/
3696 pts/1 Sl+ 0:01 dotnet run --project Io.Demo/
3763 pts/1 Sl+ 0:00 /home/shengjie/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo/bin/Debug/netcoreapp3.0/Io.Demo
3779 pts/2 S+ 0:00 grep --color=auto dotnet
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet$ ls Io.Demo/strace/ # 查看生成的系統調用文件
io.3696 io.3702 io.3708 io.3714 io.3720 io.3726 io.3732 io.3738 io.3744 io.3750 io.3766 io.3772 io.3782 io.3827
io.3697 io.3703 io.3709 io.3715 io.3721 io.3727 io.3733 io.3739 io.3745 io.3751 io.3767 io.3773 io.3786 io.3828
io.3698 io.3704 io.3710 io.3716 io.3722 io.3728 io.3734 io.3740 io.3746 io.3752 io.3768 io.3774 io.3787
io.3699 io.3705 io.3711 io.3717 io.3723 io.3729 io.3735 io.3741 io.3747 io.3763 io.3769 io.3777 io.3797
io.3700 io.3706 io.3712 io.3718 io.3724 io.3730 io.3736 io.3742 io.3748 io.3764 io.3770 io.3780 io.3799
io.3701 io.3707 io.3713 io.3719 io.3725 io.3731 io.3737 io.3743 io.3749 io.3765 io.3771 io.3781 io.3800
有上可知，進程Id為3763，依次執行以下命令可以查看該進程的執行緒和產生的文件描述符：
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo$ cd /proc/3763 # 進入進程目錄
shengjie@ubuntu:/proc/3763$ ls
attr cmdline environ io mem ns pagemap sched smaps_rollup syscall wchan
autogroup comm exe limits mountinfo numa_maps patch_state schedstat stack task
auxv coredump_filter fd loginuid mounts oom_adj personality sessionid stat timers
cgroup cpuset fdinfo map_files mountstats oom_score projid_map setgroups statm timerslack_ns
clear_refs cwd gid_map maps net oom_score_adj root smaps status uid_map
shengjie@ubuntu:/proc/3763$ ll task # 查看當前進程啟動的執行緒
total 0
dr-xr-xr-x 9 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 16:36 ./
dr-xr-xr-x 9 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 16:34 ../
dr-xr-xr-x 7 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 16:36 3763/
dr-xr-xr-x 7 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 16:36 3765/
dr-xr-xr-x 7 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 16:36 3766/
dr-xr-xr-x 7 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 16:36 3767/
dr-xr-xr-x 7 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 16:36 3768/
dr-xr-xr-x 7 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 16:36 3769/
dr-xr-xr-x 7 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 16:36 3770/
shengjie@ubuntu:/proc/3763$ ll fd 查看當前進程系統調用產生的文件描述符
total 0
dr-x------ 2 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 16:36 ./
dr-xr-xr-x 9 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 16:34 ../
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 0 -> /dev/pts/1
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 1 -> /dev/pts/1
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 10 -> 'socket:[44292]'
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 100 -> /dev/random
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 11 -> 'socket:[41675]'
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 13 -> 'pipe:[45206]'
l-wx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 14 -> 'pipe:[45206]'
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 15 -> /home/shengjie/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo/bin/Debug/netcoreapp3.0/Io.Demo.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 16 -> /home/shengjie/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo/bin/Debug/netcoreapp3.0/Io.Demo.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 17 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Runtime.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 18 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Console.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 19 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Threading.dll
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 2 -> /dev/pts/1
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 20 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Runtime.Extensions.dll
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 21 -> /dev/pts/1
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 22 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Text.Encoding.Extensions.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 23 -> /dev/urandom
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 24 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Net.Sockets.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 25 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Net.Primitives.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 26 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/Microsoft.Win32.Primitives.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 27 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Diagnostics.Tracing.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 28 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Threading.Tasks.dll
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 29 -> 'socket:[43429]'
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 3 -> 'pipe:[42148]'
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 30 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Threading.ThreadPool.dll
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 31 -> 'socket:[42149]'
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 32 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Memory.dll
l-wx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 4 -> 'pipe:[42148]'
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 42 -> /dev/urandom
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 5 -> /dev/pts/1
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 6 -> /dev/pts/1
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 7 -> /dev/pts/1
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 9 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Private.CoreLib.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 99 -> /dev/urandom
從上面的輸出來看，.NET Core控制台應用啟動時啟動了多個執行緒，並在10、11、29、31號文件描述符啟動了socket監聽。那哪一個文件描述符監聽的是5001埠呢。
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo$ cat /proc/net/tcp | grep 1389 # 查看5001埠號相關的tcp鏈接（0x1389 為5001十六進位)
4: 0100007F:1389 00000000:0000 0A 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 00000000 1000 0 43429 1 0000000000000000 100 0 0 10 0
12: 0100007F:9038 0100007F:1389 01 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 00000000 1000 0 44343 1 0000000000000000 20 4 30 10 -1
13: 0100007F:1389 0100007F:9038 01 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 00000000 1000 0 42149 1 0000000000000000 20 4 29 10 -1
從中可以看到inode為[43429]的socket監聽在5001埠號，所以可以找到上面的輸出行lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 16:37 29 -> 'socket:[43429]'，進而判斷監聽5001埠號socket對應的文件描述符為29。
當然，也可以從記錄到strace目錄的日誌文件找到線索。在文中我們已經提及，socket服務端編程的一般流程，都要經過socket->bind->accept->read->write流程。所以可以通過抓取關鍵字，查看相關係統調用。
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo$ grep 'bind' strace/ -rn
strace/io.3696:4570:bind(10, {sa_family=AF_UNIX, sun_path="/tmp/dotnet-diagnostic-3696-327175-socket"}, 110) = 0
strace/io.3763:2241:bind(11, {sa_family=AF_UNIX, sun_path="/tmp/dotnet-diagnostic-3763-328365-socket"}, 110) = 0
strace/io.3763:2949:bind(29, {sa_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(5001), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1")}, 16) = 0
strace/io.3713:4634:bind(11, {sa_family=AF_UNIX, sun_path="/tmp/dotnet-diagnostic-3713-327405-socket"}, 110) = 0
從上可知，在主執行緒也就是io.3763執行緒的系統調用文件中，將29號文件描述符與監聽在127.0.0.1:5001的socket進行了綁定。同時也明白了.NET Core自動建立的另外2個socket是與diagnostic相關。
接下來咱們重點看下3763號執行緒產生的系統調用。
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo$ cd strace/
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo/strace$ cat io.3763 # 僅截取相關片段
socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC, IPPROTO_TCP) = 29
setsockopt(29, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, [1], 4) = 0
bind(29, {sa_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(5001), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1")}, 16) = 0
listen(29, 10)
write(21, "\346\234\215\345\212\241\347\253\257\345\267\262\345\220\257\345\212\250(127.0.0.1:500"..., 51) = 51
accept4(29, {sa_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(36920), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1")}, [16], SOCK_CLOEXEC) = 31
write(21, "127.0.0.1:36920-\345\267\262\350\277\236\346\216\245\n", 26) = 26
write(21, "127.0.0.1:36920-\345\274\200\345\247\213\346\216\245\346\224\266\346\225\260\346"..., 38) = 38
recvmsg(31, {msg_name=NULL, msg_namelen=0, msg_iov=[{iov_base="1\n", iov_len=512}], msg_iovlen=1, msg_controllen=0, msg_flags=0}, 0) = 2
write(21, "127.0.0.1:36920-\346\216\245\346\224\266\346\225\260\346\215\256\357\274\2321"..., 34) = 34
sendmsg(31, {msg_name=NULL, msg_namelen=0, msg_iov=[{iov_base="received:1\n", iov_len=11}], msg_iovlen=1, msg_controllen=0, msg_flags=0}, 0) = 11
accept4(29, 0x7fecf001c978, [16], SOCK_CLOEXEC) = ? ERESTARTSYS (To be restarted if SA_RESTART is set)
--- SIGWINCH {si_signo=SIGWINCH, si_code=SI_KERNEL} ---
從中我們可以發現幾個關鍵的系統調用：
- socket
- bind
- listen
- accept4
- recvmsg
- sendmsg
通過命令man命令可以查看下accept4和recvmsg系統調用的相關說明：
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo/strace$ man accept4
If no pending connections are present on the queue, and the socket is not marked as nonblocking, accept() blocks the caller until a
connection is present.
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo/strace$ man recvmsg
If no messages are available at the socket, the receive calls wait for a message to arrive, unless the socket is nonblocking (see fcntl(2))
也就是說accept4和recvmsg是阻塞式系統調用。
驗證I/O多路復用發起的系統調用
同樣以上面I/O多路復用的程式碼進行驗證，驗證步驟類似：
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet$ strace -ff -o Io.Demo/strace2/io dotnet run --project Io.Demo/
Press any key to start!
服務端已啟動(127.0.0.1:5001)-等待連接...
127.0.0.1:37098-已連接
127.0.0.1:37098-接收數據：1
127.0.0.1:37098-接收數據：2
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo$ nc localhost 5001
1
received:1
2
received:2
shengjie@ubuntu:/proc/2449$ netstat -natp | grep 5001
(Not all processes could be identified, non-owned process info
will not be shown, you would have to be root to see it all.)
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:5001 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2449/Io.Demo
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:5001 127.0.0.1:56296 ESTABLISHED 2449/Io.Demo
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:56296 127.0.0.1:5001 ESTABLISHED 2499/nc
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo$ ps -h | grep dotnet
2400 pts/3 S+ 0:10 strace -ff -o ./Io.Demo/strace2/io dotnet run --project Io.Demo/
2402 pts/3 Sl+ 0:01 dotnet run --project Io.Demo/
2449 pts/3 Sl+ 0:00 /home/shengjie/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo/bin/Debug/netcoreapp3.0/Io.Demo
2516 pts/5 S+ 0:00 grep --color=auto dotnet
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo$ cd /proc/2449/
shengjie@ubuntu:/proc/2449$ ll task
total 0
dr-xr-xr-x 11 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 22:15 ./
dr-xr-xr-x 9 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 22:15 ../
dr-xr-xr-x 7 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 22:15 2449/
dr-xr-xr-x 7 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 22:15 2451/
dr-xr-xr-x 7 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 22:15 2452/
dr-xr-xr-x 7 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 22:15 2453/
dr-xr-xr-x 7 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 22:15 2454/
dr-xr-xr-x 7 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 22:15 2455/
dr-xr-xr-x 7 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 22:15 2456/
dr-xr-xr-x 7 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 22:15 2459/
dr-xr-xr-x 7 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 22:15 2462/
shengjie@ubuntu:/proc/2449$ ll fd
total 0
dr-x------ 2 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 22:15 ./
dr-xr-xr-x 9 shengjie shengjie 0 5月 10 22:15 ../
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 0 -> /dev/pts/3
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 1 -> /dev/pts/3
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 10 -> 'socket:[35001]'
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 100 -> /dev/random
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 11 -> 'socket:[34304]'
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 13 -> 'pipe:[31528]'
l-wx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 14 -> 'pipe:[31528]'
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 15 -> /home/shengjie/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo/bin/Debug/netcoreapp3.0/Io.Demo.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 16 -> /home/shengjie/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo/bin/Debug/netcoreapp3.0/Io.Demo.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 17 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Runtime.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 18 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Console.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 19 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Threading.dll
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 2 -> /dev/pts/3
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 20 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Runtime.Extensions.dll
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 21 -> /dev/pts/3
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 22 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Text.Encoding.Extensions.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 23 -> /dev/urandom
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 24 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Net.Sockets.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 25 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Net.Primitives.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 26 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/Microsoft.Win32.Primitives.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 27 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Diagnostics.Tracing.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 28 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Threading.Tasks.dll
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 29 -> 'socket:[31529]'
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 3 -> 'pipe:[32055]'
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 30 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Threading.ThreadPool.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 31 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Collections.Concurrent.dll
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 32 -> 'anon_inode:[eventpoll]'
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 33 -> 'pipe:[32059]'
l-wx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 34 -> 'pipe:[32059]'
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 35 -> 'socket:[35017]'
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 36 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Memory.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 37 -> /dev/urandom
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 38 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Diagnostics.Debug.dll
l-wx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 4 -> 'pipe:[32055]'
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 5 -> /dev/pts/3
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 6 -> /dev/pts/3
lrwx------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 7 -> /dev/pts/3
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 9 -> /usr/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App/3.0.0/System.Private.CoreLib.dll
lr-x------ 1 shengjie shengjie 64 5月 10 22:16 99 -> /dev/urandom
shengjie@ubuntu:/proc/2449$ cat /proc/net/tcp | grep 1389
0: 0100007F:1389 00000000:0000 0A 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 00000000 1000 0 31529 1 0000000000000000 100 0 0 10 0
8: 0100007F:1389 0100007F:DBE8 01 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 00000000 1000 0 35017 1 0000000000000000 20 4 29 10 -1
12: 0100007F:DBE8 0100007F:1389 01 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 00000000 1000 0 28496 1 0000000000000000 20 4 30 10 -1
過濾strace2 目錄日誌，抓取監聽在localhost:5001socket對應的文件描述符。
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo$ grep 'bind' strace2/ -rn
strace2/io.2449:2243:bind(11, {sa_family=AF_UNIX, sun_path="/tmp/dotnet-diagnostic-2449-23147-socket"}, 110) = 0
strace2/io.2449:2950:bind(29, {sa_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(5001), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1")}, 16) = 0
strace2/io.2365:4568:bind(10, {sa_family=AF_UNIX, sun_path="/tmp/dotnet-diagnostic-2365-19043-socket"}, 110) = 0
strace2/io.2420:4634:bind(11, {sa_family=AF_UNIX, sun_path="/tmp/dotnet-diagnostic-2420-22262-socket"}, 110) = 0
strace2/io.2402:4569:bind(10, {sa_family=AF_UNIX, sun_path="/tmp/dotnet-diagnostic-2402-22042-socket"}, 110) = 0
從中可以看出同樣是29號文件描述符，相關係統調用記錄中io.2449文件中，打開文件，可以發現相關係統調用如下：
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo$ cat strace2/io.2449 # 截取相關係統調用
socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC, IPPROTO_TCP) = 29
setsockopt(29, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, [1], 4) = 0
bind(29, {sa_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(5001), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1")}, 16) = 0
listen(29, 10)
accept4(29, 0x7fa16c01b9e8, [16], SOCK_CLOEXEC) = -1 EAGAIN (Resource temporarily unavailable)
epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC) = 32
epoll_ctl(32, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, 29, {EPOLLIN|EPOLLOUT|EPOLLET, {u32=0, u64=0}}) = 0
accept4(29, 0x7fa16c01cd60, [16], SOCK_CLOEXEC) = -1 EAGAIN (Resource temporarily unavailable)
從中我們可以發現accept4直接返回-1而不阻塞，監聽在127.0.0.1:5001的socket對應的29號文件描述符最終作為epoll_ctl的參數關聯到epoll_create1創建的32號文件描述符上。最終32號文件描述符會被epoll_wait阻塞，以等待連接請求。我們可以抓取epoll相關的系統調用來驗證：
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo$ grep 'epoll' strace2/ -rn
strace2/io.2459:364:epoll_ctl(32, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, 35, {EPOLLIN|EPOLLOUT|EPOLLET, {u32=1, u64=1}}) = 0
strace2/io.2462:21:epoll_wait(32, [{EPOLLIN, {u32=0, u64=0}}], 1024, -1) = 1
strace2/io.2462:42:epoll_wait(32, [{EPOLLOUT, {u32=1, u64=1}}], 1024, -1) = 1
strace2/io.2462:43:epoll_wait(32, [{EPOLLIN|EPOLLOUT, {u32=1, u64=1}}], 1024, -1) = 1
strace2/io.2462:53:epoll_wait(32,
strace2/io.2449:3033:epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC) = 32
strace2/io.2449:3035:epoll_ctl(32, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, 33, {EPOLLIN|EPOLLET, {u32=4294967295, u64=18446744073709551615}}) = 0
strace2/io.2449:3061:epoll_ctl(32, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, 29, {EPOLLIN|EPOLLOUT|EPOLLET, {u32=0, u64=0}}) = 0
因此我們可以斷定同步非阻塞I/O的示例使用的時IO多路復用的epoll模型。
關於epoll相關命令，man命令可以查看下epoll_create1、epoll_ctl和、epoll_wait系統調用的相關說明：
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo/strace$ man epoll_create
DESCRIPTION
epoll_create() creates a new epoll(7) instance. Since Linux 2.6.8, the size argument is ignored, but must be
greater than zero; see NOTES below.
epoll_create() returns a file descriptor referring to the new epoll instance. This file descriptor is used
for all the subsequent calls to the epoll interface.
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo/strace$ man epoll_ctl
DESCRIPTION
This system call performs control operations on the epoll(7) instance referred to by the file descriptor
epfd. It requests that the operation op be performed for the target file descriptor, fd.
Valid values for the op argument are:
EPOLL_CTL_ADD
Register the target file descriptor fd on the epoll instance referred to by the file descriptor epfd
and associate the event event with the internal file linked to fd.
EPOLL_CTL_MOD
Change the event event associated with the target file descriptor fd.
EPOLL_CTL_DEL
Remove (deregister) the target file descriptor fd from the epoll instance referred to by epfd. The
event is ignored and can be NULL (but see BUGS below).
shengjie@ubuntu:~/coding/dotnet/Io.Demo/strace$ man epoll_wait
DESCRIPTION
The epoll_wait() system call waits for events on the epoll(7) instance referred to by the file descriptor
epfd. The memory area pointed to by events will contain the events that will be available for the caller.
Up to maxevents are returned by epoll_wait(). The maxevents argument must be greater than zero.
The timeout argument specifies the number of milliseconds that epoll_wait() will block. Time is measured
against the CLOCK_MONOTONIC clock. The call will block until either:
* a file descriptor delivers an event;
* the call is interrupted by a signal handler; or
* the timeout expires.
簡而言之，epoll通過創建一個新的文件描述符來替換舊的文件描述符來完成阻塞工作，當有事件或超時時通知原有文件描述符進行處理，以實現非阻塞的執行緒模型。
總結
寫完這篇文章，對I/O模型的理解有所加深，但由於對Linux系統的了解不深，所以難免有紕漏之處，大家多多指教。
同時也不僅感嘆Linux的強大之處，一切皆文件的設計思想，讓一切都有跡可循。現在.NET 已經完全實現跨平台了，那麼Linux作業系統大家就有必要熟悉起來了。
