玩轉Mysql系列 – 第13篇:細說NULL導致的神坑,讓人防不勝防
- 2019 年 10 月 7 日
- 筆記
這是Mysql系列第11篇。
環境:mysql5.7.25,cmd命令中進行演示。
當數據的值為NULL的時候,可能出現各種意想不到的效果,讓人防不勝防,我們來看看NULL導致的各種神坑,如何避免?比較運算符中使用NULL
認真看下面的效果
mysql> select 1>NULL; +--------+ | 1>NULL | +--------+ | NULL | +--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select 1<NULL; +--------+ | 1<NULL | +--------+ | NULL | +--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select 1<>NULL; +---------+ | 1<>NULL | +---------+ | NULL | +---------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select 1>NULL; +--------+ | 1>NULL | +--------+ | NULL | +--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select 1<NULL; +--------+ | 1<NULL | +--------+ | NULL | +--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select 1>=NULL; +---------+ | 1>=NULL | +---------+ | NULL | +---------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select 1<=NULL; +---------+ | 1<=NULL | +---------+ | NULL | +---------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select 1!=NULL; +---------+ | 1!=NULL | +---------+ | NULL | +---------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select 1<>NULL; +---------+ | 1<>NULL | +---------+ | NULL | +---------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select NULL=NULL,NULL!=NULL; +-----------+------------+ | NULL=NULL | NULL!=NULL | +-----------+------------+ | NULL | NULL | +-----------+------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select 1 in (null),1 not in (null),null in (null),null not in (null); +-------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------------+ | 1 in (null) | 1 not in (null) | null in (null) | null not in (null) | +-------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------------+ | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | +-------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select 1=any(select null),null=any(select null); +--------------------+-----------------------+ | 1=any(select null) | null=any(select null) | +--------------------+-----------------------+ | NULL | NULL | +--------------------+-----------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select 1=all(select null),null=all(select null); +--------------------+-----------------------+ | 1=all(select null) | null=all(select null) | +--------------------+-----------------------+ | NULL | NULL | +--------------------+-----------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
結論:任何值和NULL使用運算符(>、<、>=、<=、!=、<>)或者(in、not in、any/some、all)比較時,返回值都為NULL,NULL作為布爾值的時候,不為1也不為0。
準備數據
mysql> create table test1(a int,b int); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into test1 values (1,1),(1,null),(null,null); Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from test1; +------+------+ | a | b | +------+------+ | 1 | 1 | | 1 | NULL | | NULL | NULL | +------+------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
上面3條數據,認真看一下,特別是注意上面NULL的記錄。
IN、NOT IN和NULL比較
IN和NULL比較
mysql> select * from test1; +------+------+ | a | b | +------+------+ | 1 | 1 | | 1 | NULL | | NULL | NULL | +------+------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test1 where a in (null); Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test1 where a in (null,1); +------+------+ | a | b | +------+------+ | 1 | 1 | | 1 | NULL | +------+------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
結論:當IN和NULL比較時,無法查詢出為NULL的記錄。
NOT IN 和NULL比較
mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (1); Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (null); Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (null,2); Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (2); +------+------+ | a | b | +------+------+ | 1 | 1 | | 1 | NULL | +------+------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
結論:當NOT IN 後面有NULL值時,不論什麼情況下,整個sql的查詢結果都為空。
EXISTS、NOT EXISTS和NULL比較
mysql> select * from test2; +------+------+ | a | b | +------+------+ | 1 | 1 | | 1 | NULL | | NULL | NULL | +------+------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test1 t1 where exists (select * from test2 t2 where t1.a = t2.a); +------+------+ | a | b | +------+------+ | 1 | 1 | | 1 | NULL | +------+------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test1 t1 where not exists (select * from test2 t2 where t1.a = t2.a); +------+------+ | a | b | +------+------+ | NULL | NULL | +------+------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
上面我們複製了表test1創建了表test2。
查詢語句中使用exists、not exists對比test1.a=test2.a,因為=不能比較NULL,結果和預期一致。
判斷NULL只能用IS NULL、IS NOT NULL
mysql> select 1 is not null; +---------------+ | 1 is not null | +---------------+ | 1 | +---------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select 1 is null; +-----------+ | 1 is null | +-----------+ | 0 | +-----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select null is null; +--------------+ | null is null | +--------------+ | 1 | +--------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select null is not null; +------------------+ | null is not null | +------------------+ | 0 | +------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
看上面的效果,返回的結果為1或者0。
結論:判斷是否為空只能用IS NULL、IS NOT NULL。
聚合函數中NULL的坑
示例
mysql> select count(a),count(b),count(*) from test1; +----------+----------+----------+ | count(a) | count(b) | count(*) | +----------+----------+----------+ | 2 | 1 | 3 | +----------+----------+----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
count(a)返回了2行記錄,a欄位為NULL的沒有統計出來。
count(b)返回了1行記錄,為NULL的2行記錄沒有統計出來。
count(*)可以統計所有數據,不論欄位的數據是否為NULL。
再繼續看
mysql> select * from test1 where a is null; +------+------+ | a | b | +------+------+ | NULL | NULL | +------+------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select count(a) from test1 where a is null; +----------+ | count(a) | +----------+ | 0 | +----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
上面第1個sql使用is null查詢出了結果,第2個sql中count(a)返回的是0行。
結論:count(欄位)無法統計欄位為NULL的值,count(*)可以統計值為null的行。
NULL不能作為主鍵的值
mysql> create table test3(a int primary key,b int); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into test3 values (null,1); ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'a' cannot be null
上面我們創建了一個表test3
,欄位a
未指定不能為空,插入了一條NULL的數據,報錯原因:a 欄位的值不能為NULL
,我們看一下表的創建語句:
mysql> show create table test3; +-------+------------+ | Table | Create Table | +-------+------------+ | test3 | CREATE TABLE `test3` ( `a` int(11) NOT NULL, `b` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`a`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 +-------+------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
從上面的腳本可以看出,當欄位為主鍵的時候,欄位會自動設置為not null
。
結論:當欄位為主鍵的時候,欄位會自動設置為not null。
看了上面這些還是比較暈,NULL的情況確實比較難以處理,容易出錯,最有效的方法就是避免使用NULL。所以,強烈建議創建欄位的時候欄位不允許為NULL,設置一個默認值。
總結
- NULL作為布爾值的時候,不為1也不為0
- 任何值和NULL使用運算符(>、<、>=、<=、!=、<>)或者(in、not in、any/some、all),返回值都為NULL
- 當IN和NULL比較時,無法查詢出為NULL的記錄
- 當NOT IN 後面有NULL值時,不論什麼情況下,整個sql的查詢結果都為空
- 判斷是否為空只能用IS NULL、IS NOT NULL
- count(欄位)無法統計欄位為NULL的值,count(*)可以統計值為null的行
- 當欄位為主鍵的時候,欄位會自動設置為not null
- NULL導致的坑讓人防不勝防,強烈建議創建欄位的時候欄位不允許為NULL,給個默認值