《机器学习Python实现_10_06_集成学习_boosting_gbdt分类实现》

一.利用回归树实现分类

分类也可以用回归树来做,简单说来就是训练与类别数相同的几组回归树,每一组代表一个类别,然后对所有组的输出进行softmax操作将其转换为概率分布,然后再通过交叉熵或者KL一类的损失函数求每颗树相应的负梯度,指导下一轮的训练,以三分类为例,流程如下:

png

二.softmax+交叉熵损失,及其梯度求解

分类问题,一般会选择用交叉熵作为损失函数,下面对softmax+交叉熵损失函数的梯度做推导:

softmax函数在最大熵那一节已有使用,再回顾一下:

\[softmax([y_1^{hat},y_2^{hat},…,y_n^{hat}])=\frac{1}{\sum_{i=1}^n e^{y_i^{hat}}}[e^{y_1^{hat}},e^{y_2^{hat}},…,e^{y_n^{hat}}]
\]

交叉熵在logistic回归有介绍:

\[cross\_entropy(y,p)=-\sum_{i=1}^n y_ilog p_i
\]

\(p_i\)替换为\(\frac{e^{y_i^{hat}}}{\sum_{i=1}^n e^{y_i^{hat}}}\)即是我们的损失函数:

\[L(y^{hat},y)=-\sum_{i=1}^n y_ilog \frac{e^{y_i^{hat}}}{\sum_{j=1}^n e^{x_j^{hat}}}\\
=-\sum_{i=1}^n y_i(y_i^{hat}-log\sum_{j=1}^n e^{y_j^{hat}})\\
=log\sum_{i=1}^n e^{y_i^{hat}}-\sum_{i=1}^ny_iy_i^{hat}(由于是onehot展开,所以\sum_{i=1}^n y_i=1)
\]

计算梯度:

\[\frac{\partial L(y^{hat},y)}{\partial y^{hat}}=softmax([y_1^{hat},y_2^{hat},…,y_n^{hat}])-[y_1,y_2,…,y_n]
\]

所以,第一组回归树的拟合目标为\(y_1-\frac{e^{y_1^{hat}}}{\sum_{i=1}^n e^{y_i^{hat}}}\),第二组回归树学习的拟合目标为\(y_2-\frac{e^{y_2^{hat}}}{\sum_{i=1}^n e^{y_i^{hat}}}\),….,第\(n\)组回归树的拟合目标为\(y_n-\frac{e^{y_n^{hat}}}{\sum_{i=1}^n e^{y_i^{hat}}}\)

三.代码实现

import os
os.chdir('../')
from ml_models.tree import CARTRegressor
from ml_models import utils
import copy
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline

class GradientBoostingClassifier(object):
    def __init__(self, base_estimator=None, n_estimators=10, learning_rate=1.0):
        """
        :param base_estimator: 基学习器,允许异质;异质的情况下使用列表传入比如[estimator1,estimator2,...,estimator10],这时n_estimators会失效;
                                同质的情况,单个estimator会被copy成n_estimators份
        :param n_estimators: 基学习器迭代数量
        :param learning_rate: 学习率,降低后续基学习器的权重,避免过拟合
        """
        self.base_estimator = base_estimator
        self.n_estimators = n_estimators
        self.learning_rate = learning_rate
        if self.base_estimator is None:
            # 默认使用决策树桩
            self.base_estimator = CARTRegressor(max_depth=2)
        # 同质分类器
        if type(base_estimator) != list:
            estimator = self.base_estimator
            self.base_estimator = [copy.deepcopy(estimator) for _ in range(0, self.n_estimators)]
        # 异质分类器
        else:
            self.n_estimators = len(self.base_estimator)

        # 扩展class_num组分类器
        self.expand_base_estimators = []

    def fit(self, x, y):
        # 将y转one-hot编码
        class_num = np.amax(y) + 1
        y_cate = np.zeros(shape=(len(y), class_num))
        y_cate[np.arange(len(y)), y] = 1

        # 扩展分类器
        self.expand_base_estimators = [copy.deepcopy(self.base_estimator) for _ in range(class_num)]

        # 拟合第一个模型
        y_pred_score_ = []
        # TODO:并行优化
        for class_index in range(0, class_num):
            self.expand_base_estimators[class_index][0].fit(x, y_cate[:, class_index])
            y_pred_score_.append(self.expand_base_estimators[class_index][0].predict(x))
        y_pred_score_ = np.c_[y_pred_score_].T
        # 计算负梯度
        new_y = y_cate - utils.softmax(y_pred_score_)
        # 训练后续模型
        for index in range(1, self.n_estimators):
            y_pred_score = []
            for class_index in range(0, class_num):
                self.expand_base_estimators[class_index][index].fit(x, new_y[:, class_index])
                y_pred_score.append(self.expand_base_estimators[class_index][index].predict(x))
            y_pred_score_ += np.c_[y_pred_score].T * self.learning_rate
            new_y = y_cate - utils.softmax(y_pred_score_)

    def predict_proba(self, x):
        # TODO:并行优化
        y_pred_score = []
        for class_index in range(0, len(self.expand_base_estimators)):
            estimator_of_index = self.expand_base_estimators[class_index]
            y_pred_score.append(
                np.sum(
                    [estimator_of_index[0].predict(x)] +
                    [self.learning_rate * estimator_of_index[i].predict(x) for i in
                     range(1, self.n_estimators - 1)] +
                    [estimator_of_index[self.n_estimators - 1].predict(x)]
                    , axis=0)
            )
        return utils.softmax(np.c_[y_pred_score].T)

    def predict(self, x):
        return np.argmax(self.predict_proba(x), axis=1)
#造伪数据
from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
data, target = make_classification(n_samples=100, n_features=2, n_classes=2, n_informative=1, n_redundant=0,
                                   n_repeated=0, n_clusters_per_class=1, class_sep=.5,random_state=21)
# 同质
classifier = GradientBoostingClassifier(base_estimator=CARTRegressor(),n_estimators=10)
classifier.fit(data, target)
utils.plot_decision_function(data, target, classifier)

png

#异质
from ml_models.linear_model import LinearRegression
classifier = GradientBoostingClassifier(base_estimator=[LinearRegression(),LinearRegression(),LinearRegression(),CARTRegressor(max_depth=2)])
classifier.fit(data, target)
utils.plot_decision_function(data, target, classifier)

png