ansible 002 連接被控端 inventory ansible.cfg ansible-adhoc ansible原理

2022 年 9 月 1 日
筆記
ansible 自動化運維

ssh用普通用戶連接被控端

配置主機清單（/etc/hosts域名解析為前提）

[root@workstation ansible]# cat hosts 
servera
serverb
[root@workstation ansible]# pwd
/etc/ansible
[root@workstation ansible]#

建立免密

[root@workstation ansible]# ssh-keygen

使被控端創建用戶

[root@workstation ansible]# ansible all -m shell -a 'useradd ansible' -k
SSH password: 
servera | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

serverb | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

[root@workstation ansible]# ansible all -m shell -a 'echo redhat | passwd --stdin ansible' -k
SSH password: 
serverb | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
Changing password for user ansible.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
servera | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
Changing password for user ansible.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

配置與ansible用戶的免密

[root@workstation ansible]# ssh-copy-id ansible@servera
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
ansible@servera's password: 

Number of key(s) added: 1

Now try logging into the machine, with:   "ssh 'ansible@servera'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.

[root@workstation ansible]# ssh-copy-id ansible@serverb
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
ansible@serverb's password: 

Number of key(s) added: 1

Now try logging into the machine, with:   "ssh 'ansible@serverb'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.

[root@workstation ansible]# 



[root@workstation ansible]# ansible all -m shell -a 'pwd' -k -u ansible
SSH password: 
servera | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
/home/ansible
serverb | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
/home/ansible
[root@workstation ansible]#

默認改為ansible用戶連接

[root@workstation ansible]# ansible all -m shell -a 'pwd'
servera | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
/home/ansible
serverb | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
/home/ansible
[root@workstation ansible]#

設置被控端提權

[root@workstation ansible]# ansible all -m shell -a 'echo ansible ALL=\(ALL\) NOPASSWD: ALL > /etc/sudoers.d/ansible' -u root -k 
SSH password: 
servera | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

serverb | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

ansible這邊並沒有提權

[root@workstation ansible]# ansible all -m shell -a 'id'
servera | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
uid=1001(ansible) gid=1001(ansible) groups=1001(ansible) context=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023
serverb | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
uid=1000(ansible) gid=1000(ansible) groups=1000(ansible) context=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023
[root@workstation ansible]#

修改配置文件

成功提權

[root@workstation ansible]# ansible all -m shell -a 'id'
servera | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root) context=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023
serverb | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root) context=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023
[root@workstation ansible]# 

[root@workstation ansible]# ansible all -m shell -a 'pwd'
servera | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
/home/ansible
serverb | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
/home/ansible
[root@workstation ansible]#

定義inventory

列出當前選擇的主機

[root@workstation ansible]# ansible servera --list-hosts
hosts (1):
    servera

[root@workstation ansible]# ansible servera,serverb --list-hosts
hosts (2):
    servera
    serverb


[root@workstation ansible]# ansible httpd,mysql --list-hosts
hosts (3):
    servera
    serverb
    abc
[root@workstation ansible]# cat hosts 
[httpd]
servera
serverb

[mysql]
abc

[root@workstation ansible]# 
這裡hosts為ini格式和那個yum差不多
不想加入組的用戶得寫在第一排。

[root@workstation ansible]# ansible ungrouped --list-hosts
hosts (1):
    servere
[root@workstation ansible]# head -n3 hosts 
servere
[httpd]
servera
[root@workstation ansible]# 
servere不屬於任何組

組包含組

[root@workstation ansible]# vi hosts 
[root@workstation ansible]# ansible web --list-hosts
hosts (3):
    servera
    serverb
    abc
[root@workstation ansible]# cat hosts 
servere
[httpd]
servera
serverb

[mysql]
abc

[web:children]
httpd
mysql    #那麼這裡就只能寫組，不可以寫主機
[root@workstation ansible]# 

[web:children]
httpd
mysql 
[web]
fox        #這樣才可以添加fox主機
ansible選擇了兩邊主機，ansible會自動去重。

支持通配符
組和主機都通配

[root@workstation ansible]# ansible 'server*' --list-hosts
hosts (3):
    servere
    servera
    serverb
[root@workstation ansible]#

hosts也可以連續定義

[root@workstation ansible]# ansible 'server*,!*server1' --list-hosts
hosts (14):
    server2
    server3
    server4
    server5
    server6
    server7
    server8
    server9
    server10
    server11
    server12
    servere
    servera
    serverb
[root@workstation ansible]#

唯獨不要server1

[root@workstation ansible]# ansible 'httpd,&mysql' --list-hosts
hosts (1):
    server10
[root@workstation ansible]# cat hosts 
server[1:12]


servere
[httpd]
servera
serverb
server10
[mysql]
abc
server10
[web:children]
httpd
mysql
[root@workstation ansible]#

既屬於web又屬於httpd

boston,londor,&prod,!lb
在boston與londor同時也在prod但是去除lb

正則表達式

有s或h字母尾巴為example.com的
沒帶^就不是開頭為s或h

另外指定新的主機清單。讀新的hosts

[root@workstation ansible]# echo  servera  > file
[root@workstation ansible]# ansible servera -i file --list-hosts
  hosts (1):
    servera
[root@workstation ansible]#

有關ansible常用參數
-m 指定模塊
-a 指定模塊參數
-u 指定被控端的連接用戶2
-k 密碼驗證，不指定就是秘鑰驗證
-i 指定主機清單 ansible servera -i file –list-hosts
–list-hosts 列出所選的主機

yaml格式定義主機清單

比較完整的yaml寫法

ini格式轉換yaml

yaml語法對程序更友好

配置文件

默認配置文件位置
[root@workstation ansible]# pwd
/etc/ansible
[root@workstation ansible]# ls
ansible.cfg  file  file.yaml  hosts  roles
[root@workstation ansible]# 

配置文件有優先級讀取順序
ANSIBLE_CONFIG = /tmp/ansible.cfg
當前目錄下的ansible.cfg  ./
家目錄   ~/.ansible.cfg
/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg

更改運行主機清單的路徑

ansible.cfg的參數

inventory      = ./hosts
#library        = /usr/share/my_modules/
#module_utils   = /usr/share/my_module_utils/
#remote_tmp     = ~/.ansible/tmp
#local_tmp      = ~/.ansible/tmp
#plugin_filters_cfg = /etc/ansible/plugin_filters.yml
#forks          = 5
inventory      = ./hosts
#library        = /usr/share/my_modules/
#module_utils   = /usr/share/my_module_utils/
#remote_tmp     = ~/.ansible/tmp   被控端路徑  py的臨時運行目錄的位置
#local_tmp      = ~/.ansible/tmp   主控端臨時存儲目錄
#plugin_filters_cfg = /etc/ansible/plugin_filters.yml
#forks          = 5       並發數  一次性連5台，再連5台
#poll_interval  = 15      探測任務執行如何  每15秒探測
#ask_pass      = True    密碼驗證   -k 默認false
#remote_port    = 22    被控端，端口號
remote_user = ansible    遠程主機用什麼連
[privilege_escalation]
become=True          要提權
become_method=sudo   
become_user=root     提權用戶
become_ask_pass=False   不問提權密碼
#host_key_checking = False     自動接受公鑰  （好用）

log_path=/var/log/ansible.log   普通用戶得改這個路徑
普通用戶寫不了var/log
module_name = command  不指定模塊默認為command模塊

ad-hoc指令

官方文檔
//docs.ansible.com/

搜索模塊時搜索builtin 內置模塊

shell模塊
優點:功能強大
缺點:無法保證冪等性
ansible servera -m shell -a ‘命令’

來自官方文檔的教誨(狗頭)

[root@workstation maosible]# ansible  servera -m shell -a 'chdir=/tmp pwd'
servera | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
/tmp
[root@workstation maosible]# 

[root@workstation maosible]# ansible  servera -m shell -a 'creates=/tmp/file pwd'
servera | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
skipped, since /tmp/file exists
[root@workstation maosible]# 
文件存在，則不執行pwd

removes相反

command模塊為默認模塊
ansible servera -a ‘pwd’
command不允許 > < | 之類。他會當成字符串

raw模塊就是被削弱的shell

script模塊
讓腳本在被控端執行
這個腳本可以不需要執行權限，因為他會被解析成py文件，被控端通過執行py文件執行腳本

其他常用模塊

authorized_keys 分發公鑰

[root@workstation .ssh]# ansible-galaxy collection install ansible.posix -vvv
ansible-galaxy 2.9.11
config file = /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
configured module search path = ['/root/.ansible/plugins/modules', '/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules']
ansible python module location = /usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ansible
executable location = /usr/bin/ansible-galaxy
python version = 3.6.8 (default, Mar 18 2021, 08:58:41) [GCC 8.4.1 20200928 (Red Hat 8.4.1-1)]
Using /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg as config file
Process install dependency map
Opened /root/.ansible/galaxy_token
Processing requirement collection 'ansible.posix'
Collection 'ansible.posix' obtained from server default //galaxy.ansible.com/api/
Starting collection install process
Installing 'ansible.posix:1.4.0' to '/root/.ansible/collections/ansible_collections/ansible/posix'
Downloading //galaxy.ansible.com/download/ansible-posix-1.4.0.tar.gz to /root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-local-5179_oikgerz/tmpqxvizmuo

2.9沒有此內置模塊
那麼使用galaxy從網上下載

通過官方文檔發現名字為ansible.posix.authorized_key

[root@workstation modules]#  ansible all -m ansible.posix.authorized_key -a 'user=root key="ssh-rsa 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 root@workstation" state=present'

參考文檔：//docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/collections/ansible/posix/authorized_key_module.html

可是2.9擁有authorized_key

[root@workstation modules]#  ansible all -m authorized_key -a 'user=root key="ssh-rsa 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 root@workstation" state=present'

所以沒必要去下載ansible.posix.authorized_key
但是可以顯示出參考文檔的重要性
那麼遇到問題，可以直接去尋找官方的英文文檔，會更有效率。

以下為轉載

//cloud.tencent.com/developer/news/327468

ansible原理

Ansible 是一個模型驅動的配置管理器，支持多節點發佈、遠程任務執行。默認使用 SSH 進行遠程連接。無需在被管理節點上安裝附加軟件，可使用各種編程語言進行擴展。

一、Ansible基本架構

上圖為ansible的基本架構，從上圖可以了解到其由以下部分組成：

核心：ansible

核心模塊（Core Modules）：這些都是ansible自帶的模塊

擴展模塊（Custom Modules）：如果核心模塊不足以完成某種功能，可以添加擴展模塊

插件（Plugins）：完成模塊功能的補充

劇本（Playbooks）：ansible的任務配置文件，將多個任務定義在劇本中，由ansible自動執行

連接插件（Connectior Plugins）：ansible基於連接插件連接到各個主機上，雖然ansible是使用ssh連接到各個主機的，但是它還支持其他的連接方法，所以需要有連接插件

主機群（Host Inventory）：定義ansible管理的主機

二、Ansible工作原理

以上是從網上找到的兩張ansible工作原理圖，兩張圖基本都是在架構圖的基本上進行的拓展。從上面的圖上可以了解到：

1、管理端支持local 、ssh、zeromq 三種方式連接被管理端，默認使用基於ssh的連接－－－這部分對應基本架構圖中的連接模塊；

2、可以按應用類型等方式進行Host Inventory（主機群）分類，管理節點通過各類模塊實現相應的操作－－－單個模塊，單條命令的批量執行，我們可以稱之為ad-hoc；

3、管理節點可以通過playbooks 實現多個task的集合實現一類功能，如web服務的安裝部署、數據庫服務器的批量備份等。playbooks我們可以簡單的理解為，系統通過組合多條ad-hoc操作的配置文件。

Tags: ansible 自動化運維