asp.net core使用identity+jwt保護你的webapi(三)——refresh token
前言
上一篇已經介紹了identity的註冊,登錄,獲取jwt token,本篇來完成refresh token。
開始
開始之前先說明一下為什麼需要refresh token。
雖然jwt token有很多優點,但是它的缺點也是非常明顯。由於jwt無狀態的特性,所以jwt一旦頒發,基本上就不可控了,在過期時間內一直有效。有些場景下我們是希望能控制token失效的,比如用戶的重要數據被修改時(密碼,角色,權限,等等),我們希望用戶重新獲取token,甚至重新登錄。
那麼refresh token就可以很好的彌補jwt的缺陷。雖然refresh token也無法直接控制jwt失效,但是在refresh token機制下,我們可以把token的有效期設置的短一些,比如30分鐘,而refresh token的有效期可以很長;因為refresh token會持久化到數據庫中,它是完全可控的。
很多人糾結的jwt滑動刷新,無感刷新,在refresh token機制下,都不是問題。
生成refresh_token
改造一下上一篇的代碼,首先refresh token需要持久化到數據庫中,定義實體:
public class RefreshToken
{
[Key]
public int Id { get; set; }
[Required]
[StringLength(128)]
public string JwtId { get; set; }
[Required]
[StringLength(256)]
public string Token { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 是否使用,一個RefreshToken只能使用一次
/// </summary>
[Required]
public bool Used { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 是否失效。修改用戶重要信息時可將此字段更新為true,使用戶重新登錄
/// </summary>
[Required]
public bool Invalidated { get; set; }
[Required]
public DateTime CreationTime { get; set; }
[Required]
public DateTime ExpiryTime { get; set; }
[Required]
public int UserId { get; set; }
[Required]
[ForeignKey(nameof(UserId))]
public AppUser User { get; set; }
}
加入到DbContext:
public class AppDbContext : IdentityDbContext<AppUser, IdentityRole<int>, int>
{
public DbSet<RefreshToken> RefreshTokens { get; set; }
public AppDbContext(DbContextOptions<AppDbContext> options)
: base(options)
{
}
// 省略......
}
ef遷移:
dotnet ef migrations add AppDbContext_Added_RefreshToken
dotnet ef database update
登錄註冊返回token時,也要把RefreshToken和ExpiresIn有效時間一起返回:
public class TokenResult
{
public bool Success => Errors == null || !Errors.Any();
public IEnumerable<string> Errors { get; set; }
public string AccessToken { get; set; }
public string TokenType { get; set; }
public int ExpiresIn { get; set; } // add
public string RefreshToken { get; set; } // add
}
public class TokenResponse
{
[JsonPropertyName("access_token")]
public string AccessToken { get; set; }
[JsonPropertyName("token_type")]
public string TokenType { get; set; }
[JsonPropertyName("expires_in")]
public int ExpiresIn { get; set; } // add
[JsonPropertyName("refresh_token")]
public string RefreshToken { get; set; } // add
}
修改UserService創建token方法:
private async Task<TokenResult> GenerateJwtToken(AppUser user)
{
var key = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(_jwtSettings.SecurityKey);
var tokenDescriptor = new SecurityTokenDescriptor
{
Subject = new ClaimsIdentity(new[]
{
new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Jti, Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N")),
new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Sub, user.Id.ToString())
}),
IssuedAt = DateTime.UtcNow,
NotBefore = DateTime.UtcNow,
Expires = DateTime.UtcNow.Add(_jwtSettings.ExpiresIn),
SigningCredentials = new SigningCredentials(new SymmetricSecurityKey(key),
SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256Signature)
};
var jwtTokenHandler = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler();
var securityToken = jwtTokenHandler.CreateToken(tokenDescriptor);
var token = jwtTokenHandler.WriteToken(securityToken);
var refreshToken = new RefreshToken()
{
JwtId = securityToken.Id,
UserId = user.Id,
CreationTime = DateTime.UtcNow,
ExpiryTime = DateTime.UtcNow.AddMonths(6),
Token = GenerateRandomNumber()
};
await _appDbContext.RefreshTokens.AddAsync(refreshToken);
await _appDbContext.SaveChangesAsync();
return new TokenResult()
{
AccessToken = token,
TokenType = "Bearer",
RefreshToken = refreshToken.Token,
ExpiresIn = (int)_jwtSettings.ExpiresIn.TotalSeconds,
};
}
private string GenerateRandomNumber(int len = 32)
{
var randomNumber = new byte[len];
using var rng = RandomNumberGenerator.Create();
rng.GetBytes(randomNumber);
return Convert.ToBase64String(randomNumber);
}
登錄測試,已經返回了refresh_token:
使用refresh_token獲取token
// RefreshToken 請求參數
public class RefreshTokenRequest
{
[JsonPropertyName("access_token")]
public string AccessToken { get; set; }
[JsonPropertyName("refresh_token")]
public string RefreshToken { get; set; }
}
public interface IUserService
{
// 省略......
Task<TokenResult> RefreshTokenAsync(string token, string refreshToken); // add
}
RefreshTokenAsync
實現:
public async Task<TokenResult> RefreshTokenAsync(string token, string refreshToken)
{
var claimsPrincipal = GetClaimsPrincipalByToken(token);
if (claimsPrincipal == null)
{
// 無效的token...
return new TokenResult()
{
Errors = new[] { "1: Invalid request!" },
};
}
var expiryDateUnix =
long.Parse(claimsPrincipal.Claims.Single(x => x.Type == JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Exp).Value);
var expiryDateTimeUtc = UnixTimeStampToDateTime(expiryDateUnix);
if (expiryDateTimeUtc > DateTime.UtcNow)
{
// token未過期...
return new TokenResult()
{
Errors = new[] { "2: Invalid request!" },
};
}
var jti = claimsPrincipal.Claims.Single(x => x.Type == JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Jti).Value;
var storedRefreshToken =
await _appDbContext.RefreshTokens.SingleOrDefaultAsync(x => x.Token == refreshToken);
if (storedRefreshToken == null)
{
// 無效的refresh_token...
return new TokenResult()
{
Errors = new[] { "3: Invalid request!" },
};
}
if (storedRefreshToken.ExpiryTime < DateTime.UtcNow)
{
// refresh_token已過期...
return new TokenResult()
{
Errors = new[] { "4: Invalid request!" },
};
}
if (storedRefreshToken.Invalidated)
{
// refresh_token已失效...
return new TokenResult()
{
Errors = new[] { "5: Invalid request!" },
};
}
if (storedRefreshToken.Used)
{
// refresh_token已使用...
return new TokenResult()
{
Errors = new[] { "6: Invalid request!" },
};
}
if (storedRefreshToken.JwtId != jti)
{
// refresh_token與此token不匹配...
return new TokenResult()
{
Errors = new[] { "7: Invalid request!" },
};
}
storedRefreshToken.Used = true;
//_userDbContext.RefreshTokens.Update(storedRefreshToken);
await _appDbContext.SaveChangesAsync();
var dbUser = await _userManager.FindByIdAsync(storedRefreshToken.UserId.ToString());
return await GenerateJwtToken(dbUser);
}
解析token,注意這裡的tokenValidationParameters
,這個參數和Startup中設置的tokenValidationParameters
唯一的區別是ValidateLifetime = false
,不驗證過期時間。
private ClaimsPrincipal GetClaimsPrincipalByToken(string token)
{
try
{
var tokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters
{
ValidateIssuer = false,
ValidateAudience = false,
ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,
IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(_jwtSettings.SecurityKey)),
ClockSkew = TimeSpan.Zero,
ValidateLifetime = false // 不驗證過期時間!!!
};
var jwtTokenHandler = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler();
var claimsPrincipal =
jwtTokenHandler.ValidateToken(token, tokenValidationParameters, out var validatedToken);
var validatedSecurityAlgorithm = validatedToken is JwtSecurityToken jwtSecurityToken
&& jwtSecurityToken.Header.Alg.Equals(SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256,
StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase);
return validatedSecurityAlgorithm ? claimsPrincipal : null;
}
catch
{
return null;
}
}
最後是UserController:
[HttpPost("RefreshToken")]
public async Task<IActionResult> RefreshToken(RefreshTokenRequest request)
{
var result = await _userService.RefreshTokenAsync(request.AccessToken, request.RefreshToken);
if (!result.Success)
{
return Unauthorized(new FailedResponse()
{
Errors = result.Errors
});
}
return Ok(new TokenResponse
{
AccessToken = result.AccessToken,
TokenType = result.TokenType,
ExpiresIn = result.ExpiresIn,
RefreshToken = result.RefreshToken
});
}
測試token未過期時刷新token:
正常刷新token:
refresh_token使用一次後,不可以再次使用:
其他情況可以自行測試。。。
最後
總結一下,上面的代碼看似很多,其實完成的功能非常簡單;就是在用戶獲取token時,後台生成一個與之對應的refresh token一併返回,同時將refresh token保存到數據庫中;refresh token的存在就是為了當token過期時,能免登錄刷新一次token。(refresh token只能使用一次,用戶重要數據比如密碼修改時,可以將refresh token置為失效,使用戶重新登錄)。代碼已上傳至 [blogs/asp.net core identity + jwt/code at main · xiajingren/blogs (github.com)](//github.com/xiajingren/blogs/tree/main/asp.net core identity %2B jwt/code)
參考: