Python 極速入門指南
前言
轉載於本人博客。
面向有編程經驗者的極速入門指南。
大部分內容簡化於 W3School,翻譯不一定準確,因此標註了英文。
包括代碼一共兩萬字符左右,預計閱讀時間一小時。
目前我的博客長文顯示效果不佳,缺乏目錄,因此可以考慮下載閱讀。博客完全開源於 Github.
語法(Syntax)
文件執行方式:python myfile.py
強制縮進,縮進不能省略。縮進可以使用任意數量的空格。
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
注釋(Comment)
注釋語法:
# Single Line Comment
"""
Multiple
Line
Comment
"""
變量(Variables)
當變量被賦值時,其被創建。
沒有顯式聲明變量的語法。
x = 5
y = "Hello, World!"
可以轉換類型。
x = str(3) # x will be '3'
y = int(3) # y will be 3
z = float(3) # z will be 3.0
可以獲得類型。
x = 5
y = "John"
print(type(x))
print(type(y))
還可以這樣賦值:
x, y, z = "Orange", "Banana", "Cherry"
x = y = z = "Orange"
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
x, y, z = fruits
沒有在函數中聲明的變量一律視作全局變量。
x = "awesome"
def myfunc():
print("Python is " + x)
myfunc()
局部變量優先。
x = "awesome"
def myfunc():
x = "fantastic"
print("Python is " + x)
myfunc()
print("Python is " + x)
也可以顯式聲明全局變量。
def myfunc():
global x
x = "fantastic"
myfunc()
print("Python is " + x)
由於不能區分賦值和聲明,因此如果在函數中修改全局變量,需要指明全局。
x = "awesome"
def myfunc():
global x
x = "fantastic"
myfunc()
print("Python is " + x)
數值(Number)
三種數值類型:int
float
complex
其中複數的虛部用 j
來表示。
x = 3+5j
y = 5j
z = -5j
print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))
真值(Boolean)
使用 True
和 False
,大小寫敏感。
可以強制轉換:
x = "Hello"
y = 15
print(bool(x))
print(bool(y))
空值一般轉換為假,例如零、空文本、空集合等。
條件與循環(If…Else/While/For)
大於小於等於不等於跟 C 語言一致。
如果:
a = 200
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elif a == b:
print("a and b are equal")
else:
print("a is greater than b")
適當壓行也是可以的:
if a > b: print("a is greater than b")
三目運算符,需要注意的是執行語句在前面。
a = 2
b = 330
print("A") if a > b else print("B")
print("A") if a > b else print("=") if a == b else print("B")
與或:
a = 200
b = 33
c = 500
if a > b and c > a:
print("Both conditions are True")
if a > b or a > c:
print("At least one of the conditions is True")
如果不能為空,可以傳遞個 pass
佔位。
if b > a:
pass
while
循環很常規:
i = 1
while i < 6:
print(i)
if i == 3:
break
if i == 4:
continue
i += 1
還有個 else
的語法:
i = 1
while i < 6:
print(i)
i += 1
else:
print("i is no longer less than 6")
這個有什麼用呢?其實是可以判斷自然結束還是被打斷。
i = 1
while i < 6:
break
else:
print("i is no longer less than 6")
Python 中的 for
循環,更像是其他語言中的 foreach
.
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
if x == "apple":
continue
print(x)
if x == "banana":
break
為了循環,可以用 range
生成一個數組。依然是左閉右開。可以缺省左邊界 0.
for x in range(6): #generate an array containing 0,1,2,3,4,5
print(x)
for x in range(2, 6): #[2,6)
print(x)
可以指定步長,默認為 1.
for x in range(2, 30, 3):
print(x)
也支持 else
for x in range(6):
print(x)
else:
print("Finally finished!")
也可以拿 pass
佔位。
for x in [0, 1, 2]:
pass
字符串(String)
有兩種寫法:
print("Hello")
print('Hello')
好像沒什麼區別。
多行字符串:
a = """Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipiscing elit,
sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt
ut labore et dolore magna aliqua."""
print(a)
字符串可以直接當數組用。
a = "Hello, World!"
print(a[0])
獲得長度。
a = "Hello, World!"
print(len(a))
直接搜索。
txt = "The best things in life are free!"
print("free" in txt)
print("expensive" not in txt)
if "free" in txt:
print("Yes, 'free' is present.")
if "expensive" not in txt:
print("Yes, 'expensive' is NOT present.")
幾個常用函數:
upper
,大寫。lower
,小寫。strip
,去除兩端空格。replace
,替換。split
,以特定分隔符分割。
連接兩個字符串,直接用加號。
a = "Hello"
b = "World"
c = a + b
print(c)
格式化:
quantity = 3
itemno = 567
price = 49.95
myorder = "I want {} pieces of item {} for {} dollars."
print(myorder.format(quantity, itemno, price))
可以指定參數填入的順序:
myorder = "I want to pay {2} dollars for {0} pieces of item {1}."
print(myorder.format(quantity, itemno, price))
轉義符:\
txt = "We are the so-called \"Vikings\" from the north."
操作符(Operators)
-
算術運算符
+
-
*
/
%
,取模。**
,次冪,例如2**10
返回 \(1024\).//
,向下取整,嚴格向下取整,例如-11//10
將會得到 \(-2\).
-
比較運算符
==
!=
>
<
>=
<=
-
邏輯運算符,使用英文單詞而非符號。
and
or
not
-
身份運算符?(Identity Operators)
is
is not
- 用於判斷是否為同一個對象,即在內存中處於相同的位置。
-
成員運算符?(Membership Operators)
in
not in
- 用在集合中。
-
位運算符
&
|
^
~
<<
>>
集合(Collections)
數組(List)
沒有 Array
,只有 List
.
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(thislist)
下標從零開始。
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(thislist[0])
還可以是負的,-1
表示倒數第一個,依此類推。
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(thislist[-1])
獲取子數組,左閉右開。例如 [2:5]
代表 [2,5)
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"]
print(thislist[2:5])
還可以去頭去尾。
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"]
print(thislist[:4])
print(thislist[2:])
獲得元素個數:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(len(thislist))
元素類型都可以不同:
list1 = ["abc", 34, True, 40, "male"]
構造:
thislist = list(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) # note the double round-brackets
print(thislist)
賦值:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist[1] = "blackcurrant"
print(thislist)
甚至一次改變一個子數組:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "mango"]
thislist[1:3] = ["blackcurrant", "watermelon"]
print(thislist)
元素數量可以不對等,可以視作將原數組中的 [l,r)
扔掉,然後從切口塞進去新的子數組。
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist[1:2] = ["blackcurrant", "watermelon"]
print(thislist)
支持插入,應該是 \(O(n)\) 複雜度的。insert(x,"something")
即讓 something
成為下標為 x 的元素,也就是插入到當前下標為 x 的元素前。
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.insert(2, "watermelon")
print(thislist)
尾部追加,應該是 \(O(1)\) 的。
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.append("orange")
print(thislist)
直接連接兩個數組:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
tropical = ["mango", "pineapple", "papaya"]
thislist.extend(tropical)
print(thislist)
啥都能連接?
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thistuple = ("kiwi", "orange")
thislist.extend(thistuple)
print(thislist)
刪除,一次只刪一個。
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.remove("banana")
print(thislist)
按下標刪除。可以省略參數,默認刪除最後一個。
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.pop(1)
thislist.pop()
print(thislist)
還可以用 del
關鍵字。
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
del thislist[0]
print(thislist)
del thislist #delete the entire list
清空,數組對象依然保留。
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.clear()
print(thislist)
可以直接用 for
來遍歷。
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in thislist:
print(x)
也可以用下標遍歷。
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for i in range(len(thislist)):
print(thislist[i])
為了性能,也可以用 while
來遍歷,避免 range
生成過大的數組。
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
i = 0
while i < len(thislist):
print(thislist[i])
i = i + 1
縮寫的 for
遍歷,兩邊中括號是必須的。
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
[print(x) for x in thislist]
賦值的時候,也有一些神奇的語法糖:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "kiwi", "mango"]
newlist = []
newlist = [x for x in fruits if "a" in x]
#Equals to
for x in fruits:
if "a" in x:
newlist.append(x)
print(newlist)
更抽象地:
newlist = [expression for item in iterable if condition == True]
還是比較靈活的:
newlist = [x.upper() for x in fruits]
支持直接排序。
thislist = ["orange", "mango", "kiwi", "pineapple", "banana"]
thislist.sort()
print(thislist)
排序也有一些參數。
thislist = [100, 50, 65, 82, 23]
thislist.sort(reverse = True)
print(thislist)
可以自定義估值函數,返回一個對象用於比較?
def myfunc(n):
return abs(n - 50)
thislist = [100, 50, 65, 82, 23]
thislist.sort(key = myfunc)
print(thislist)
還有這樣的:
thislist = ["banana", "Orange", "Kiwi", "cherry"]
thislist.sort(key = str.lower) #case insensitive
print(thislist)
所以其實排序內部可能是這樣的:
if key(a) > key(b):
a,b = b,a #swap the objects
翻轉數組:
thislist = ["banana", "Orange", "Kiwi", "cherry"]
thislist.reverse()
print(thislist)
直接拷貝只能拷貝到引用,所以有拷貝數組:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
mylist = thislist.copy()
print(mylist)
也可以直接構造:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
mylist = list(thislist)
print(mylist)
合併:
list1 = ["a", "b", "c"]
list2 = [1, 2, 3]
list3 = list1 + list2
print(list3)
總結一下內置函數:
append
,尾部追加。clear
,清空。copy
,生成副本。count
,數數用的。extend
,連接兩個數組。index
,查找第一個滿足條件的元素的下標。insert
,插入。pop
,按下標刪除。remove
,按值刪除。reverse
,翻轉。sort
,排序。
元組(Tuple)
元組可以看作是不可修改的 List
.
用圓括號包裹。
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
print(thistuple)
與 List
不同的是,單元素的元組聲明時,必須加一個句號,否則不會識別為元組。
myList = ["list"]
myTuple = ("tuple") #not Tuple!
myRealTuple = ("tuple",) #is Tuple!
print(type(myList))
print(type(myTuple))
print(type(myRealTuple))
構造:
thistuple = tuple(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) # note the double round-brackets
print(thistuple)
元組是不可變的(immutable),想要修改只能變成 List
,改完再生成元組。當然這樣做效率很低。
x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
y = list(x)
y[1] = "kiwi"
x = tuple(y)
print(x)
當我們創建元組時,我們將變量填入,這被稱為「打包(packing)」.
而我們也可以將元組重新解析為變量,這被稱為「解包(unpacking)」.
fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
(green, yellow, red) = fruits
print(green)
print(yellow)
print(red)
有趣的是,元組不能修改,卻能連接,這大概是因為運算過程產生了新的元組而作為返回值。
tuple1 = ("a", "b" , "c")
tuple2 = (1, 2, 3)
tuple3 = tuple1 + tuple2
print(tuple3)
fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
mytuple = fruits * 2 #interesting multiply <=> mytuple = fruits + fruits + ... times.
print(mytuple)
集合(Sets)
這個集合是數學意義上的集合,即具有無序性、不重複性、確定性的特性的集合。
用大括號:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
print(thisset)
集合不支持下標訪問,只能遍歷:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
for x in thisset:
print(x)
不能修改元素,但可以添加元素。也可以刪除再添加來達到修改的效果。
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
thisset.add("orange")
print(thisset)
簡單的刪除 remove
,如果刪除的元素不存在會報錯。
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
thisset.remove("banana")
print(thisset)
如果不想要報錯,可以用 discard
:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
thisset.discard("banana")
print(thisset)
甚至可以用 pop
,由於無序性,可能會隨機刪除一個元素?
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
x = thisset.pop()
print(x)
print(thisset)
取並集,也就是合併兩個集合,需要使用 update
,合併後會去重。
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
tropical = {"pineapple", "mango", "papaya"}
thisset.update(tropical)
print(thisset)
當然合併不僅限於集合之間。
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
mylist = ["kiwi", "orange"]
thisset.update(mylist)
print(thisset)
如果不想影響原集合,只需要返回值,可以用 union
:
set1 = {"a", "b" , "c"}
set2 = {1, 2, 3}
set3 = set1.union(set2)
print(set3)
取交集:
x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
y = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}
z = x.intersection(y) #like union
x.intersection_update(y) #like update
print(x)
還有更有趣的,刪去交集,即 \((\mathbb{A} \cup \mathbb{B}) \setminus (\mathbb{A} \cap \mathbb{B})\)
x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
y = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}
z = x.symmetric_difference(y)
x.symmetric_difference_update(y)
print(x)
清空和徹底刪除:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
thisset.clear()
print(thisset)
del thisset
print(thisset)
字典(Dictionary)
類似於 C++ 中的 map
,鍵值對。
3.7 以上的 Python 版本中,字典是有序的。有序性、可變性、不重複性。
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
print(thisdict)
print(thisdict["brand"])
print(thisdict.get("model")) #the same with the former approach
有趣的是,值可以是任意數據類型。
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"electric": False,
"year": 1964,
"colors": ["red", "white", "blue"]
}
獲取所有 key
:
x = thisdict.keys()
值得注意的是,這裡傳出的是一個引用,也就是說是可以動態更新的。但似乎是只讀的。
car = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
x = car.keys()
print(x) #before the change
car["color"] = "white"
print(x) #after the change
values
也是一樣的:
car = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
x = car.values()
print(x) #before the change
car["year"] = 2020
print(x) #after the change
還可以直接獲取所有鍵值對 items
:
car = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
x = car.items()
print(x) #before the change
car["year"] = 2020
print(x) #after the change
可以查看鍵是否存在:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
if "model" in thisdict:
print("Yes, 'model' is one of the keys in the thisdict dictionary")
可以用 update
來更新,支持塞入一個鍵值對集合:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
another = {
"another": "Intersting",
"stuff": "Join it"
}
thisdict.update({"year": 2020})
print(thisdict)
thisdict.update(another)
print(thisdict)
移除特定鍵:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
thisdict.pop("model")
print(thisdict)
移除最後一個鍵值對:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
thisdict.popitem()
print(thisdict)
thisdict.update({"new":"I'm newer"})
print(thisdict)
thisdict.popitem()
print(thisdict)
可以用 del
關鍵字:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
del thisdict["model"]
print(thisdict)
清空:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
thisdict.clear()
print(thisdict)
遍歷所有鍵名:
for x in thisdict:
print(x)
遍歷所有值:
for x in thisdict:
print(thisdict[x]) #have to search for the value each time executed
直接獲取集合來遍歷:
for x in thisdict.values():
print(x)
for x in thisdict.keys():
print(x)
遍歷鍵值對:
for x, y in thisdict.items():
print(x, y)
深拷貝:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
mydict = thisdict.copy()
print(mydict)
mydict = dict(thisdict)
print(mydict)
嵌套:
child1 = {
"name" : "Emil",
"year" : 2004
}
child2 = {
"name" : "Tobias",
"year" : 2007
}
child3 = {
"name" : "Linus",
"year" : 2011
}
myfamily = {
"child1" : child1,
"child2" : child2,
"child3" : child3
}
print(myfamily["child1"]["name"])
函數(Functions)
函數定義:
def my_function():
print("Hello from a function")
my_function()
參數:
def my_function(fname):
print(fname + " Refsnes")
my_function("Emil")
my_function("Tobias")
my_function("Linus")
形參(Parameter)和實參(Argument).
不定長參數:
def my_function(*kids):
print("The youngest child is " + kids[2])
my_function("Emil", "Tobias", "Linus")
可以用更優雅的方式傳參:
def my_function(child3, child2, child1):
print("The youngest child is " + child3)
my_function(child1 = "Emil", child2 = "Tobias", child3 = "Linus")
實質上是鍵值對的傳遞,因此:
def my_function(**kid):
print("His last name is " + kid["lname"])
my_function(fname = "Tobias", lname = "Refsnes")
默認參數:
def my_function(country = "Norway"):
print("I am from " + country)
my_function("Sweden")
my_function("India")
my_function()
my_function("Brazil")
弱類型,啥都能傳:
def my_function(food):
for x in food:
print(x)
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
my_function(fruits)
返回值:
def my_function(x):
return 5 * x
佔位符:
def myfunction():
pass
Lambda 表達式
只能有一行表達式,但可以有任意個數參數。
lambda arguments : expression
例如一個自增 \(10\) 的函數:
x = lambda a : a + 10
print(x(5))
多參數:
x = lambda a, b, c : a + b + c
print(x(5, 6, 2))
有趣的是,可以利用 Lambda 表達式構造匿名函數:
def myfunc(n):
return lambda a : a * n
mydoubler = myfunc(2)
mytripler = myfunc(3)
print(mydoubler(11))
print(mytripler(11))
類和對象(Classes/Objects)
Python 是一個面向對象(Object Oriented)的語言。
class MyClass:
x = 5
p1 = MyClass()
print(p1.x)
初始化:
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
p1 = Person("John", 36)
print(p1.name)
print(p1.age)
聲明方法:
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def myfunc(self):
print("Hello my name is " + self.name)
p1 = Person("John", 36)
p1.myfunc()
函數的第一個參數將會是指向自己的引用,並不強制命名為 self
.
class Person:
def __init__(mysillyobject, name, age):
mysillyobject.name = name
mysillyobject.age = age
def myfunc(abc):
print("Hello my name is " + abc.name)
p1 = Person("John", 36)
p1.myfunc()
可以刪除某個屬性:
del p1.age
可以刪除對象:
del p1
佔位符:
class Person:
pass
繼承(Inheritance)
class Person:
def __init__(self, fname, lname):
self.firstname = fname
self.lastname = lname
def printname(self):
print(self.firstname, self.lastname)
#Use the Person class to create an object, and then execute the printname method:
x = Person("John", "Doe")
x.printname()
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, fname, lname, year): # overwrite parent's __init__
super().__init__(fname, lname)
# <=> Person.__init__(self, fname, lname)
self.graduationyear = year
def welcome(self):
print("Welcome", self.firstname, self.lastname,
"to the class of", self.graduationyear)
def printname(self):
super().printname()
print("plus {} is a student!".format(self.lastname))
x = Student("Mike", "Olsen", 2020)
x.welcome()
x.printname()
迭代器(Iterators)
一個迭代器需要有 __iter__
和 __next__
兩個方法。
所有的集合都能提供迭代器,都是可遍歷的(Iterable Containers).
mytuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
myit = iter(mytuple)
print(next(myit))
print(next(myit))
print(next(myit))
創建一個迭代器:
class MyNumbers:
def __iter__(self):
self.a = 1
return self
def __next__(self):
if self.a <= 20:
x = self.a
self.a += 1
return x
else:
raise StopIteration #Stop iterating
myclass = MyNumbers()
myiter = iter(myclass)
for x in myiter:
print(x)
定義域(Scope)
函數中聲明的變量只在函數中有效。
def myfunc():
x = 300
print(x)
myfunc()
事實上,它在該函數的域內有效。
def myfunc():
x = 300
def myinnerfunc():
print(x)
myinnerfunc()
myfunc()
全局變量:
x = 300
def myfunc():
print(x)
myfunc()
print(x)
更多有關全局變量的前文已經說過,這裡複習一下。
x = 300
def myfunc():
global x
x = 200
def myfunc2():
x = 400
print(x)
myfunc()
myfunc2()
print(x)
模塊(Modules)
調庫大法好。
舉個例子,在 mymodule.py
中保存以下內容:
person1 = {
"name": "John",
"age": 36,
"country": "Norway"
}
def greeting(name):
print("Hello, " + name)
然後在 main.py
中運行:
import mymodule
mymodule.greeting("Jonathan")
a = mymodule.person1["age"]
print(a)
可以起別名(Alias):
import mymodule as mx
a = mx.person1["age"]
print(a)
有一些內置的模塊:
import platform
x = platform.system()
print(x)
x = dir(platform)
print(x)
可以指定引用模塊的某些部分,此時不需要再寫模塊名:
from mymodule import person1
print (person1["age"])
#print(mymodule.person1["age"]) WRONG!!
也可以起別名:
from mymodule import person1 as p1
print (p1["age"])
PIP
包管理器。
安裝包:pip install <package-name>
例如:pip install camelcase
然後就能直接使用了:
import camelcase
c = camelcase.CamelCase()
txt = "hello world"
print(c.hump(txt))
異常捕獲(Try…Except)
比較常規。
try:
print(x)
except NameError:
print("Variable x is not defined")
except:
print("Something else went wrong")
else:
print("Nothing went wrong")
finally:
print("Ended.")
舉個例子:
try:
f = open("demofile.txt")
f.write("Lorum Ipsum")
except:
print("Something went wrong when writing to the file")
finally:
f.close()
拋出異常:
x = -1
if x < 0:
raise Exception("Sorry, no numbers below zero")
可以指定類型:
x = "hello"
if not type(x) is int:
raise TypeError("Only integers are allowed")
輸入(Input)
很簡單的輸入。
username = input("Enter username:")
print("Username is: " + username)
格式化字符串(Formatting)
前文已經簡單提及了。
price = 49
txt = "The price is {} dollars"
print(txt.format(price))
可以指定輸出格式:
quantity = 3
itemno = 567
price = 49
myorder = "I want {0} pieces of item number {1} for {2:.2f} dollars."
print(myorder.format(quantity, itemno, price))
可以重複利用:
age = 36
name = "John"
txt = "His name is {1}. {1} is {0} years old."
print(txt.format(age, name))
可以傳鍵值對:
myorder = "I have a {carname}, it is a {model}."
print(myorder.format(carname = "Ford", model = "Mustang"))
結語
差不多把 Python 中的基礎語法過了一遍,相信各位讀者讀完後都能入門吧。
大部分編程概念都是相似的,學習起來並不困難。這也是一個寫起來沒什麼心智負擔的工具語言。有什麼需要直接面向谷歌編程即可。