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python测试开发django-65.序列化(ModelSerializer)

  • 2019 年 10 月 5 日
  • 笔记

前言

serializers.Serializer可以对modle模型中的字段序列化，并且必须写create和update两个方法。ModelSerializer可以看成是Serializer的一个升级版，功能更强大，更方便。 实际上ModelSerializer类继承了Serializer类。

ModelSerializer

ModelSerializer类能够让你自动创建一个具有模型中相应字段的Serializer类。这个ModelSerializer类和常规的Serializer类一样，不同的是：

  • 它根据模型自动生成一组字段。
  • 它自动生成序列化器的验证器，比如unique_together验证器。
  • 它默认简单实现了.create()方法和.update()方法。

比如我们创建的一个模型models.py

# models.py  from django.db import models  # 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713    # Create your models here.  class UserPersonalInfo(models.Model):      '''用户个人信息'''      name = models.CharField(max_length=10, verbose_name="昵称")  # 昵称      sex_choices = (          (u'M', u'男'),          (u'F', u'女'),      )      sex = models.CharField(max_length=11,                             choices=sex_choices,                             verbose_name="性别",                              )      age = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="年龄",  default="", blank=True)      mail = models.EmailField(max_length=30, default="", blank=True)      create_time = models.DateField(auto_now=True, verbose_name="添加时间")

使用ModelSerializer序列化后如下

# serializersapi.py  from rest_framework import serializers  from .models import UserPersonalInfo  # 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713    class UserInfoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):      class Meta:          model = UserPersonalInfo          fields = '__all__'

fields参数设置为'__all__'会默认序列化所有的字段，可以在django shell交互模式查看

D:softyoyoapi>python manage.py shell  Python 3.6.0 (v3.6.0:41df79263a11, Dec 23 2016, 08:06:12) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32  Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.  (InteractiveConsole)  >>> from apiapp.serializersapi import UserInfoSerializer  >>> serializer = UserInfoSerializer()  >>> print(repr(serializer))  UserInfoSerializer():      id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)      name = CharField(label='昵称', max_length=10)      sex = ChoiceField(choices=(('M', '男'), ('F', '女')), label='性别')      age = IntegerField(label='年龄', max_value=2147483647, min_value=-2147483648, required=False)      mail = EmailField(allow_blank=True, max_length=30, required=False)      create_time = DateField(label='添加时间', read_only=True)  >>>

fields指定要包括的字段

如果我只想要其中的几个字段，如’id’, ‘name’, ‘mail’, ‘create_time’，那么fields参数可以设置成元组类型

# serializersapi.py  from rest_framework import serializers  from .models import UserPersonalInfo  # 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713    class UserInfoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):      class Meta:          model = UserPersonalInfo          fields = ('id', 'name', 'mail', 'create_time')

修改代码后，需exit()退出shell，再重新进。django shell交互模式运行查看结果

D:softyoyoapi>python manage.py shell  Python 3.6.0 (v3.6.0:41df79263a11, Dec 23 2016, 08:06:12) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32  Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.  (InteractiveConsole)  >>> from apiapp.serializersapi import UserInfoSerializer  >>> serializer = UserInfoSerializer()  >>> print(repr(serializer))  UserInfoSerializer():      id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)      name = CharField(label='昵称', max_length=10)      mail = EmailField(allow_blank=True, max_length=30, required=False)      create_time = DateField(label='添加时间', read_only=True)  >>>

exclude排除字段列表

与fields属性设置相反的是，可以用exclude排除部分字段

# serializersapi.py  from rest_framework import serializers  from .models import UserPersonalInfo  # 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713    class UserInfoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):      class Meta:          model = UserPersonalInfo          # fields = ('id', 'name', 'mail', 'create_time')          exclude = ('id', 'sex', 'age')

django shell交互模式查看结果

# 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713  D:softyoyoapi>python manage.py shell  Python 3.6.0 (v3.6.0:41df79263a11, Dec 23 2016, 08:06:12) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32  Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.  (InteractiveConsole)  >>> from apiapp.serializersapi import UserInfoSerializer  >>> serializer = UserInfoSerializer()  >>> print(repr(serializer))  UserInfoSerializer():      name = CharField(label='昵称', max_length=10)      mail = EmailField(allow_blank=True, max_length=30, required=False)      create_time = DateField(label='添加时间', read_only=True)  >>>

上面例子中用 exclude参数会排除掉’id’, ‘sex’, ‘age’这三个参数。

案例操作

接下来使用serializers.ModelSerializer序列化后(设置fields = ‘all‘)，写个简单的案例，编辑views.py视图,在上一篇基础上，改这一句即可

verify_data = UserInfoSerializer(data=request.data) # 只改这里

# views.py  from rest_framework.response import Response  from rest_framework.views import APIView  from .models import *  from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated,AllowAny  from .serializersapi import UserInfoSerializer    class UserInfoView(APIView):      '''REST framework的APIView实现获取card列表 # 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713'''      # authentication_classes = (TokenAuthentication,)  # token认证      # permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated,)   # IsAuthenticated 仅通过认证的用户      permission_classes = (AllowAny,)  # 允许所有用户        def get(self, request, format=None):          """          Return a list of all UserPersonalInfo          """          info = UserPersonalInfo.objects.all()          serializer = UserInfoSerializer(info, many=True)          return Response(serializer.data)        def post(self, request, format=None):          '''          create UserPersonalInfo          '''          verify_data = UserInfoSerializer(data=request.data)  # 只改这里          if verify_data.is_valid():              verify_data.save()              return Response({"message": "create some data!", "data": request.data})          else:              return Response(verify_data.errors)

urls.py设置访问地址

# urls.py  from apiapp import views  from django.conf.urls import url    # 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713    urlpatterns = [      url(r'^info', views.UserPersonalInfoView.as_view()),  ]

测试接口

GET请求访问http://127.0.0.1:8000/info，查询结果

POST请求提交http://127.0.0.1:8000/info，测试结果

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