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火车票买不到?看我用python监控票源

  • 2019 年 11 月 10 日
  • 筆記

同时说最近火车票难买,我就帮他用个脚本监控 一下。

最近高铁票比较难买,还有什么候补。要不停的刷,才有时候可以捡漏。有时候明明候补了,到快开车告诉你余票不足,候补失败。

凡事预则立,我打算写个脚本提前两个星期就监控起来,这样就可以提高买到票的几率了。

先是考虑用接口,发现行不通,手动打开页面都OK,就是接口调不到数据。只好曲线救国,用selenium打开页面,用BeautifulSoup来获取页面内容。发现打开页面后,可以直接用数据清洗。大概的代码是这样的:

import time  from selenium import webdriver  from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By  from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC  from selenium.webdriver.support.select import Select  from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait  from bs4 import BeautifulSoup  import pandas  import arrow    Max_Time_Out = 30  Time_Out = 10  sh_to_sz = "18002400"  sz_to_sh = "06001200"  sh_to_sz_train = "G7026|G7260|G7062|G7226|G7028"  sh_station = 'cc_from_station_上海_check'  sz_to_sh_train = "D3125|G7001|G7037|G7039"  sz_station = 'cc_from_station_苏州_check'    time_id = "cc_start_time"  now = arrow.now().format('YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS')    option = webdriver.ChromeOptions()    option.add_argument('disable-infobars')  # option.binary_location="/Applications/AppleTools /Google Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome"  option.add_argument('headless')    sh_to_sz_url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/init?linktypeid=dc&fs=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7,SHH&ts=%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E,SZH&date={}&flag=N,N,Y"  sz_to_sh_url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/init?linktypeid=dc&fs=%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E,SZH&ts=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7,SHH&date={}&flag=N,N,Y"    driver = webdriver.Chrome(chrome_options=option)    driver.set_page_load_timeout(Max_Time_Out)      def open_page(url):      try:          driver.get(url)      except TimeoutError:          print("cannot open the page for {} seconds".format(Max_Time_Out))          driver.execute_script('window.stop()')      def find_element(obj):      WebDriverWait(driver, Time_Out).until(EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.ID, obj)))      element = WebDriverWait(driver, Time_Out).until(lambda x: driver.find_element(By.ID, obj))      return element      def type(obj, value):      find_element(obj).clear()      find_element(obj).send_keys(value)      def clickat(obj):      WebDriverWait(driver, Time_Out).until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, obj)))      find_element(obj).click()      def toggle_checkbox(station_id):      inputs = driver.find_elements_by_tag_name("input")      for input in inputs:          if input.get_attribute("value") == 'G':              input.click()          if input.get_attribute("value") == 'D':              input.click()          if input.get_attribute("id") == station_id:              input.click()      def get_today():      today = arrow.now()      if today.weekday() not in [5, 6]:          return today.format('YYYY-MM-DD')      def get_next_day():      next_day = arrow.now().shift(days=+1)      if next_day.weekday() not in [5, 6]:          return next_day.format('YYYY-MM-DD')      def get_next_two_monday():      next_two_monday = [arrow.now().shift(days=x).format('YYYY-MM-DD') for x in range(1, 15) if                         arrow.now().shift(days=x).weekday() == 0]      return next_two_monday      def get_next_two_friday():      next_two_friady = [arrow.now().shift(days=x).format('YYYY-MM-DD') for x in range(1, 15) if                         arrow.now().shift(days=x).weekday() == 4]      return next_two_friady      def select_time(obj, time_zone, station_id):      '''        :param driver:      :param obj:      :return:        <select class="select-small" id="cc_start_time">      <option value="00002400">00:00--24:00</option>  <option value="00000600">00:00--06:00</option>  <option value="06001200">06:00--12:00</option>  <option value="12001800">12:00--18:00</option>  <option value="18002400">18:00--24:00</option>  </select>      '''        start_time = find_element(obj)      get_start = Select(start_time)      get_start.select_by_value(time_zone)      toggle_checkbox(station_id)      time.sleep(3)      def get_trains(url, city_time, station_id, trains):      open_page(url)      select_time(time_id, city_time, station_id)      ht = driver.page_source      html_pd = pandas.read_html(ht)        pd = html_pd[1]        pd3 = pd[pd['车次'].str.contains(trains, na=False)]        coloum_list = ["车次", "二等座", "无座"]      # print(pd3[coloum_list])        return pd3[coloum_list]      if __name__ == "__main__":      today = get_today()      next_day = get_next_day()      mondays = get_next_two_monday()      fridays = get_next_two_friday()        df_list = []      #      next_suzhou_to_shanghai = get_trains(sz_to_sh_url.format(next_day), sz_to_sh, sz_station, sz_to_sh_train)      df_list.append(next_suzhou_to_shanghai)      today_shanghai_to_suzhou = get_trains(sh_to_sz_url.format(today), sh_to_sz, sh_station, sh_to_sz_train)      df_list.append(today_shanghai_to_suzhou)        suzhou_to_shanghai_next_monday = get_trains(sz_to_sh_url.format(mondays[0]), sz_to_sh, sz_station, sz_to_sh_train)      df_list.append(suzhou_to_shanghai_next_monday)        suzhou_to_shanghai_next_next_monday = get_trains(sz_to_sh_url.format(mondays[1]), sz_to_sh, sz_station,                                                       sz_to_sh_train)      df_list.append(suzhou_to_shanghai_next_next_monday)      #        shanghai_to_suzhou_next_friday = get_trains(sh_to_sz_url.format(fridays[0]), sh_to_sz, sh_station, sh_to_sz_train)      df_list.append(shanghai_to_suzhou_next_friday)        shanghai_to_suzhou_next_next_friday = get_trains(sh_to_sz_url.format(fridays[1]), sh_to_sz, sh_station,                                                       sh_to_sz_train)      df_list.append(shanghai_to_suzhou_next_next_friday)        driver.quit()

把自己需要乘坐的车次,日期给设定好,当然我这边主要是要算周五跟周一,监控了两个星期的这两天。设置好定时,给自己发邮件。

然后发邮件,大概样子是这样的:

这样上班的时候,就收到邮件,就可以择机买票了。

现在来聊聊,处理web页面,可能用到哪些库。

python对web的操作常用到的库:请求库,解析库,存储库,工具库

1. 请求库

urllib/re是python默认自带的库

Python内置的Http请求库  urllib.request 请求模块    模拟浏览器  urllib.error 异常处理模块  urllib.parse url解析模块    工具模块,如:拆分、合并  urllib.robotparser robots.txt    解析模块 

例子:

超时测试    import urllib.request    response =urllib.request.urlopen('http://httpbin.org/get',timeout=1)    print(response.read())    -----正常    import socket    import urllib.reqeust    import urllib.error    try:      response=urllib.request.urlopen('http://httpbin.org/get',timeout=0.1)    except urllib.error.URLError as e:      if isinstance(e.reason,socket.timeout):        print('TIME OUT')    这是就是输出 TIME OUT

Request 可以添加headers

   import urllib.request    request=urllib.request.Request('https://python.org')    response=urllib.request.urlopen(request)    print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))

例子:

  from urllib import request,parse    url='http://httpbin.org/post'    headers={      User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/55.0.2883.75 Safari/537.36    Host:httpbin.org  }    dict={      'name':'Germey'    }        data=bytes(parse.urlencode(dict),encoding='utf8')    req= request.Request(url=url,data=data,headers=headers,method='POST')    response = request.urlopen(req)    print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))

代理

   import urllib.request    proxy_handler =urllib.request.ProxyHandler({      'http':'http://127.0.0.1:9743',      'https':'http://127.0.0.1:9743',    })    opener =urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_handler)     response= opener.open('http://httpbin.org/get')    print(response.read())

Cookie

   import http.cookiejar,urllib.request    cookie = http.cookiejar.Cookiejar()    handler=urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)    opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler)    response = opener.open('http://www.baidu.com')    for item in cookie:      print(item.name+"="+item.value)

第一种保存cookie方式

  import http.cookiejar,urllib.request    filename = 'cookie.txt'      cookie =http.cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar(filename)    handler= urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)    opener=urllib.request.build_opener(handler)    response= opener.open('http://www.baidu.com')    cookie.save(ignore_discard=True,ignore_expires=True)

(2) requests

pip3 install requests

(3) selenium

pip3 install selenium

2. 解析库:

2.1 lxml (XPATH)

pip3 install lxml

test, test.html指上述实例

直接读取内容

from lxml import etree  html = etree.HTML(test)

直接读取文件

from lxml import etree  html = etree.parse(test.html)

2.2 beautifulsoup

pip3 install beautifulsoup4

验证

from bs4 import Beautiful  Soupsoup = BeautifulSoup('<html></html>','lxml')

2.3 pyquery(类似jquery语法)

pip3 install pyquery

注意:由于 pyquery 依赖于 lxml ,要先安装 lxml ,否则会提示失败。验证安装结果

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq  doc = pq('<html>hi</html>')  result = doc('html').text()

有 4 种方法可以进行初始化:可以通过传入 字符串、lxml、文件 或者 url 来使用PyQuery。

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq  from lxml import etree    d = pq("<html></html>")#传入字符串  d = pq(etree.fromstring("<html></html>"))#传入lxml  d = pq(url=‘http://google.com/‘) #传入url  d = pq(filename=path_to_html_file) #传入文件

1、.html() 和.text():获取相应的 HTML 块或者文本内容,

p=pq("<head><title>Hello World!</title></head>")  print p(‘head‘).html()# 获取相应的 HTML 块  print p(‘head‘).text()# 获取相应的文本内容

输出:

<title>hello</title>Hello World!

2、.(‘selector‘):通过选择器来获取目标内容,

d = pq("<div><p id=‘item-0‘>test 1</p><p class=‘item-1‘>test 2</p></div>")    print d(‘div‘).html()# 获取 <div> 元素内的 HTML 块  print d(‘#item-0‘).text()# 获取 id 为 item-0 的元素内的文本内容  print d(‘.item-1‘).text()# 获取 class 为 item-1 的元素的文本内容

输出:

<p id="item-0">test 1</p><p class="item-1">test 2</p>  test 1  test 2

3、.eq(index):根据索引号获取指定元素(index 从 0 开始),

d = pq("<div><p id=‘item-0‘>test 1</p><p class=‘item-1‘>test 2</p></div>")  print d(‘p‘).eq(1).text()# 获取第二个 p 元素的文本内容,

输出 test 2

4、.find():查找嵌套元素,

d = pq("<div><p id=‘item-0‘>test 1</p><p class=‘item-1‘>test 2</p></div>")  print d(‘div‘).find(‘p‘) # 查找 <div> 内的 p 元素  print d(‘div‘).find(‘p‘).eq(0) # 查找 <div> 内的 p 元素,输出第一个 p 元素

输出:

<p id="item-0">test 1</p><p class="item-1">test 2</p><p id="item-0">test 1</p>

5、.filter():根据 class、id 筛选指定元素,

d = pq("<div><p id=‘item-0‘>test 1</p><p class=‘item-1‘>test 2</p></div>")  print d(‘p‘).filter(‘.item-1‘) # 查找 class 为 item-1 的 p 元素  print d(‘p‘).filter(‘#item-0‘) # 查找 id 为 item-0 的 p 元素

输出:

<p class="item-1">test 2</p>  <p id="item-0">test 1</p>

6、.attr():获取、修改属性值,

d = pq("<div><p id=‘item-0‘>test 1</p><a class=‘item-1‘>test 2</p></div>")  print d(‘p‘).attr(‘id‘) # 获取 <p> 标签的属性 id  print d(‘a‘).attr(‘class‘,‘new‘)# 修改 <a> 标签的 class 属性为 new

输出:

item-0  <a class="new">test 2</a>

7、其他操作:

.addClass(value):添加 class;  .hasClass(name):判断是否包含指定的 class,返回 True 或 False;  .children():获取子元素;  .parents():获取父元素;  .next():获取下一个元素;  .nextAll():获取后面全部元素块;  .not_(‘selector‘):获取所有不匹配该选择器的元素;  for i in d.items(‘li‘): print i.text():遍历 d 中的 li 元素;

3. 存储库

3.1 pymysql(操作MySQL,关系型数据库) 安装:

pip3 install pymysql

3.2 pymongo(操作MongoDB,key-value) 安装

pip3 install pymongo

3.3 redis(分布式爬虫,维护爬取队列) 安装:

pip3 install redis