Tomcat在SpringBoot中是如何启动的

  • 2019 年 10 月 8 日
  • 筆記

转载自:https://juejin.im/post/5d3f95ebf265da039e12959e

前言

我们知道SpringBoot给我们带来了一个全新的开发体验,我们可以直接把web程序达成jar包,直接启动,这就得益于SpringBoot内置了容器,可以直接启动,本文将以Tomcat为例,来看看SpringBoot是如何启动Tomcat的,同时也将展开学习下Tomcat的源码,了解Tomcat的设计。

从 Main 方法说起

用过SpringBoot的人都知道,首先要写一个main方法来启动

@SpringBootApplication  public class TomcatdebugApplication {        public static void main(String[] args) {          SpringApplication.run(TomcatdebugApplication.class, args);      }    }

我们直接点击run方法的源码,跟踪下来,发下最终 的run方法是调用ConfigurableApplicationContext方法,源码如下:

public ConfigurableApplicationContext run(String... args) {  		StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch();  		stopWatch.start();  		ConfigurableApplicationContext context = null;  		Collection<SpringBootExceptionReporter> exceptionReporters = new ArrayList<>();  		//设置系统属性『java.awt.headless』,为true则启用headless模式支持  		configureHeadlessProperty();  		//通过*SpringFactoriesLoader*检索*META-INF/spring.factories*,         //找到声明的所有SpringApplicationRunListener的实现类并将其实例化,         //之后逐个调用其started()方法,广播SpringBoot要开始执行了  		SpringApplicationRunListeners listeners = getRunListeners(args);  		//发布应用开始启动事件  		listeners.starting();  		try {  		//初始化参数  			ApplicationArguments applicationArguments = new DefaultApplicationArguments(args);  			//创建并配置当前SpringBoot应用将要使用的Environment(包括配置要使用的PropertySource以及Profile),          //并遍历调用所有的SpringApplicationRunListener的environmentPrepared()方法,广播Environment准备完毕。  			ConfigurableEnvironment environment = prepareEnvironment(listeners, applicationArguments);  			configureIgnoreBeanInfo(environment);  			//打印banner  			Banner printedBanner = printBanner(environment);  			//创建应用上下文  			context = createApplicationContext();  			//通过*SpringFactoriesLoader*检索*META-INF/spring.factories*,获取并实例化异常分析器  			exceptionReporters = getSpringFactoriesInstances(SpringBootExceptionReporter.class,  					new Class[] { ConfigurableApplicationContext.class }, context);  			//为ApplicationContext加载environment,之后逐个执行ApplicationContextInitializer的initialize()方法来进一步封装ApplicationContext,          //并调用所有的SpringApplicationRunListener的contextPrepared()方法,【EventPublishingRunListener只提供了一个空的contextPrepared()方法】,          //之后初始化IoC容器,并调用SpringApplicationRunListener的contextLoaded()方法,广播ApplicationContext的IoC加载完成,          //这里就包括通过**@EnableAutoConfiguration**导入的各种自动配置类。  			prepareContext(context, environment, listeners, applicationArguments, printedBanner);  			//刷新上下文  			refreshContext(context);  			//再一次刷新上下文,其实是空方法,可能是为了后续扩展。  			afterRefresh(context, applicationArguments);  			stopWatch.stop();  			if (this.logStartupInfo) {  				new StartupInfoLogger(this.mainApplicationClass).logStarted(getApplicationLog(), stopWatch);  			}  			//发布应用已经启动的事件  			listeners.started(context);  			//遍历所有注册的ApplicationRunner和CommandLineRunner,并执行其run()方法。          //我们可以实现自己的ApplicationRunner或者CommandLineRunner,来对SpringBoot的启动过程进行扩展。  			callRunners(context, applicationArguments);  		}  		catch (Throwable ex) {  			handleRunFailure(context, ex, exceptionReporters, listeners);  			throw new IllegalStateException(ex);  		}    		try {  		//应用已经启动完成的监听事件  			listeners.running(context);  		}  		catch (Throwable ex) {  			handleRunFailure(context, ex, exceptionReporters, null);  			throw new IllegalStateException(ex);  		}  		return context;  	}

其实这个方法我们可以简单的总结下步骤为

  1. 配置属性
  2. 获取监听器,发布应用开始启动事件
  3. 初始化输入参数
  4. 配置环境,输出banner
  5. 创建上下文
  6. 预处理上下文
  7. 刷新上下文
  8. 再刷新上下文
  9. 发布应用已经启动事件
  10. 发布应用启动完成事件

其实上面这段代码,如果只要分析tomcat内容的话,只需要关注两个内容即可,上下文是如何创建的,上下文是如何刷新的,分别对应的方法就是createApplicationContext()refreshContext(context),接下来我们来看看这两个方法做了什么。

protected ConfigurableApplicationContext createApplicationContext() {  		Class<?> contextClass = this.applicationContextClass;  		if (contextClass == null) {  			try {  				switch (this.webApplicationType) {  				case SERVLET:  					contextClass = Class.forName(DEFAULT_SERVLET_WEB_CONTEXT_CLASS);  					break;  				case REACTIVE:  					contextClass = Class.forName(DEFAULT_REACTIVE_WEB_CONTEXT_CLASS);  					break;  				default:  					contextClass = Class.forName(DEFAULT_CONTEXT_CLASS);  				}  			}  			catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {  				throw new IllegalStateException(  						"Unable create a default ApplicationContext, " + "please specify an ApplicationContextClass",  						ex);  			}  		}  		return (ConfigurableApplicationContext) BeanUtils.instantiateClass(contextClass);  	}

这里就是根据我们的webApplicationType 来判断创建哪种类型的Servlet,代码中分别对应着Web类型(SERVLET),响应式Web类型(REACTIVE),非Web类型(default),我们建立的是Web类型,所以肯定实例化 DEFAULT_SERVLET_WEB_CONTEXT_CLASS指定的类,也就是AnnotationConfigServletWebServerApplicationContext类,我们来用图来说明下这个类的关系

img

通过这个类图我们可以知道,这个类继承的是ServletWebServerApplicationContext,这就是我们真正的主角,而这个类最终是继承了AbstractApplicationContext,了解完创建上下文的情况后,我们再来看看刷新上下文,相关代码如下:

//类:SpringApplication.java    private void refreshContext(ConfigurableApplicationContext context) {      //直接调用刷新方法  		refresh(context);  		if (this.registerShutdownHook) {  			try {  				context.registerShutdownHook();  			}  			catch (AccessControlException ex) {  				// Not allowed in some environments.  			}  		}  	}  //类:SpringApplication.java    protected void refresh(ApplicationContext applicationContext) {  		Assert.isInstanceOf(AbstractApplicationContext.class, applicationContext);  		((AbstractApplicationContext) applicationContext).refresh();  	}

这里还是直接传递调用本类的refresh(context)方法,最后是强转成父类AbstractApplicationContext调用其refresh()方法,该代码如下:

// 类:AbstractApplicationContext  public void refresh() throws BeansException, IllegalStateException {  		synchronized (this.startupShutdownMonitor) {  			// Prepare this context for refreshing.  			prepareRefresh();    			// Tell the subclass to refresh the internal bean factory.  			ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory = obtainFreshBeanFactory();    			// Prepare the bean factory for use in this context.  			prepareBeanFactory(beanFactory);    			try {  				// Allows post-processing of the bean factory in context subclasses.  				postProcessBeanFactory(beanFactory);    				// Invoke factory processors registered as beans in the context.  				invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors(beanFactory);    				// Register bean processors that intercept bean creation.  				registerBeanPostProcessors(beanFactory);    				// Initialize message source for this context.  				initMessageSource();    				// Initialize event multicaster for this context.  				initApplicationEventMulticaster();    				// Initialize other special beans in specific context subclasses.这里的意思就是调用各个子类的onRefresh()  				onRefresh();    				// Check for listener beans and register them.  				registerListeners();    				// Instantiate all remaining (non-lazy-init) singletons.  				finishBeanFactoryInitialization(beanFactory);    				// Last step: publish corresponding event.  				finishRefresh();  			}    			catch (BeansException ex) {  				if (logger.isWarnEnabled()) {  					logger.warn("Exception encountered during context initialization - " +  							"cancelling refresh attempt: " + ex);  				}    				// Destroy already created singletons to avoid dangling resources.  				destroyBeans();    				// Reset 'active' flag.  				cancelRefresh(ex);    				// Propagate exception to caller.  				throw ex;  			}    			finally {  				// Reset common introspection caches in Spring's core, since we  				// might not ever need metadata for singleton beans anymore...  				resetCommonCaches();  			}  		}  	}

这里我们看到onRefresh()方法是调用其子类的实现,根据我们上文的分析,我们这里的子类是ServletWebServerApplicationContext

//类:ServletWebServerApplicationContext  protected void onRefresh() {  		super.onRefresh();  		try {  			createWebServer();  		}  		catch (Throwable ex) {  			throw new ApplicationContextException("Unable to start web server", ex);  		}  	}    private void createWebServer() {  		WebServer webServer = this.webServer;  		ServletContext servletContext = getServletContext();  		if (webServer == null && servletContext == null) {  			ServletWebServerFactory factory = getWebServerFactory();  			this.webServer = factory.getWebServer(getSelfInitializer());  		}  		else if (servletContext != null) {  			try {  				getSelfInitializer().onStartup(servletContext);  			}  			catch (ServletException ex) {  				throw new ApplicationContextException("Cannot initialize servlet context", ex);  			}  		}  		initPropertySources();  	}

到这里,其实庐山真面目已经出来了,createWebServer()就是启动web服务,但是还没有真正启动Tomcat,既然webServer是通过ServletWebServerFactory来获取的,我们就来看看这个工厂的真面目。

img

走进Tomcat内部

根据上图我们发现,工厂类是一个接口,各个具体服务的实现是由各个子类来实现的,所以我们就去看看TomcatServletWebServerFactory.getWebServer()的实现。

	@Override  	public WebServer getWebServer(ServletContextInitializer... initializers) {  		Tomcat tomcat = new Tomcat();  		File baseDir = (this.baseDirectory != null) ? this.baseDirectory : createTempDir("tomcat");  		tomcat.setBaseDir(baseDir.getAbsolutePath());  		Connector connector = new Connector(this.protocol);  		tomcat.getService().addConnector(connector);  		customizeConnector(connector);  		tomcat.setConnector(connector);  		tomcat.getHost().setAutoDeploy(false);  		configureEngine(tomcat.getEngine());  		for (Connector additionalConnector : this.additionalTomcatConnectors) {  			tomcat.getService().addConnector(additionalConnector);  		}  		prepareContext(tomcat.getHost(), initializers);  		return getTomcatWebServer(tomcat);  	}

根据上面的代码,我们发现其主要做了两件事情,第一件事就是把Connnctor(我们称之为连接器)对象添加到Tomcat中,第二件事就是configureEngine,这连接器我们勉强能理解(不理解后面会述说),那这个Engine是什么呢?我们查看tomcat.getEngine()的源码:

    public Engine getEngine() {          Service service = getServer().findServices()[0];          if (service.getContainer() != null) {              return service.getContainer();          }          Engine engine = new StandardEngine();          engine.setName( "Tomcat" );          engine.setDefaultHost(hostname);          engine.setRealm(createDefaultRealm());          service.setContainer(engine);          return engine;      }

根据上面的源码,我们发现,原来这个Engine是容器,我们继续跟踪源码,找到Container接口

img

上图中,我们看到了4个子接口,分别是Engine,Host,Context,Wrapper。我们从继承关系上可以知道他们都是容器,那么他们到底有啥区别呢?我看看他们的注释是怎么说的。

 /**   If used, an Engine is always the top level Container in a Catalina   * hierarchy. Therefore, the implementation's <code>setParent()</code> method   * should throw <code>IllegalArgumentException</code>.   *   * @author Craig R. McClanahan   */  public interface Engine extends Container {      //省略代码  }  /**   * <p>   * The parent Container attached to a Host is generally an Engine, but may   * be some other implementation, or may be omitted if it is not necessary.   * <p>   * The child containers attached to a Host are generally implementations   * of Context (representing an individual servlet context).   *   * @author Craig R. McClanahan   */  public interface Host extends Container {  //省略代码    }  /*** <p>   * The parent Container attached to a Context is generally a Host, but may   * be some other implementation, or may be omitted if it is not necessary.   * <p>   * The child containers attached to a Context are generally implementations   * of Wrapper (representing individual servlet definitions).   * <p>   *   * @author Craig R. McClanahan   */  public interface Context extends Container, ContextBind {      //省略代码  }  /**<p>   * The parent Container attached to a Wrapper will generally be an   * implementation of Context, representing the servlet context (and   * therefore the web application) within which this servlet executes.   * <p>   * Child Containers are not allowed on Wrapper implementations, so the   * <code>addChild()</code> method should throw an   * <code>IllegalArgumentException</code>.   *   * @author Craig R. McClanahan   */  public interface Wrapper extends Container {        //省略代码  }

上面的注释翻译过来就是,Engine是最高级别的容器,其子容器是Host,Host的子容器是Context,WrapperContext的子容器,所以这4个容器的关系就是父子关系,也就是Engine>Host>Context>Wrapper。 我们再看看Tomcat类的源码:

//部分源码,其余部分省略。  public class Tomcat {  //设置连接器       public void setConnector(Connector connector) {          Service service = getService();          boolean found = false;          for (Connector serviceConnector : service.findConnectors()) {              if (connector == serviceConnector) {                  found = true;              }          }          if (!found) {              service.addConnector(connector);          }      }      //获取service         public Service getService() {          return getServer().findServices()[0];      }      //设置Host容器       public void setHost(Host host) {          Engine engine = getEngine();          boolean found = false;          for (Container engineHost : engine.findChildren()) {              if (engineHost == host) {                  found = true;              }          }          if (!found) {              engine.addChild(host);          }      }      //获取Engine容器       public Engine getEngine() {          Service service = getServer().findServices()[0];          if (service.getContainer() != null) {              return service.getContainer();          }          Engine engine = new StandardEngine();          engine.setName( "Tomcat" );          engine.setDefaultHost(hostname);          engine.setRealm(createDefaultRealm());          service.setContainer(engine);          return engine;      }      //获取server         public Server getServer() {            if (server != null) {              return server;          }            System.setProperty("catalina.useNaming", "false");            server = new StandardServer();            initBaseDir();            // Set configuration source          ConfigFileLoader.setSource(new CatalinaBaseConfigurationSource(new File(basedir), null));            server.setPort( -1 );            Service service = new StandardService();          service.setName("Tomcat");          server.addService(service);          return server;      }        //添加Context容器        public Context addContext(Host host, String contextPath, String contextName,              String dir) {          silence(host, contextName);          Context ctx = createContext(host, contextPath);          ctx.setName(contextName);          ctx.setPath(contextPath);          ctx.setDocBase(dir);          ctx.addLifecycleListener(new FixContextListener());            if (host == null) {              getHost().addChild(ctx);          } else {              host.addChild(ctx);          }        //添加Wrapper容器           public static Wrapper addServlet(Context ctx,                                        String servletName,                                        Servlet servlet) {          // will do class for name and set init params          Wrapper sw = new ExistingStandardWrapper(servlet);          sw.setName(servletName);          ctx.addChild(sw);            return sw;      }    }

阅读TomcatgetServer()我们可以知道,Tomcat的最顶层是Server,Server就是Tomcat的实例,一个Tomcat一个Server;通过getEngine()我们可以了解到Server下面是Service,而且是多个,一个Service代表我们部署的一个应用,而且我们还可以知道,Engine容器,一个service只有一个;根据父子关系,我们看setHost()源码可以知道,host容器有多个;同理,我们发现addContext()源码下,Context也是多个;addServlet()表明Wrapper容器也是多个,而且这段代码也暗示了,其实WrapperServlet是一层意思。另外我们根据setConnector源码可以知道,连接器(Connector)是设置在service下的,而且是可以设置多个连接器(Connector)。

根据上面分析,我们可以小结下: Tomcat主要包含了2个核心组件,连接器(Connector)和容器(Container),用图表示如下:

img

一个Tomcat是一个Server,一个Server下有多个service,也就是我们部署的多个应用,一个应用下有多个连接器(Connector)和一个容器(Container),容器下有多个子容器,关系用图表示如下:

img

Engine下有多个Host子容器,Host下有多个Context子容器,Context下有多个Wrapper子容器。

总结

SpringBoot的启动是通过new SpringApplication()实例来启动的,启动过程主要做如下几件事情:

  1. 配置属性
  2. 获取监听器,发布应用开始启动事件
  3. 初始化输入参数
  4. 配置环境,输出banner
  5. 创建上下文
  6. 预处理上下文
  7. 刷新上下文
  8. 再刷新上下文
  9. 发布应用已经启动事件
  10. 发布应用启动完成事件

而启动Tomcat就是在第7步中“刷新上下文”;Tomcat的启动主要是初始化2个核心组件,连接器(Connector)和容器(Container),一个Tomcat实例就是一个Server,一个Server包含多个Service,也就是多个应用程序,每个Service包含多个连接器(Connetor)和一个容器(Container),而容器下又有多个子容器,按照父子关系分别为:Engine,Host,Context,Wrapper,其中除了Engine外,其余的容器都是可以有多个。