dotnetcore配置框架简介

一、前言

配置的本质就是字符串的键值对，微软的一系列接口其实就是对这些键值对字符串的抽象。 

二、基本类型

2.1、Nuget包

  • Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration.Abstractions
  • Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration

2.2、抽象接口

  • IConfiguration
    • 提供了查询、设置配置项、监控变化等方法
  • IConfigurationRoot
    • 在IConfiguration接口基础上，增加了 Reload 方法强制从provider中重新加载配置值
  • IConfigurationSection
    • 对配置节点的抽象
  • IConfigurationBuilder
    • 根据提供的数据源注册并构建IConfiguration
  • IConfigurationSource
    • 对数据源的抽象，例如Json、xml、环境变量、内存变量等
  • IConfigurationProvider
    • 规定了配置项的获取、设置、重载等统一的行为 

 

三、基本配置

注：各种配置方式的目的是在控制台中输出以下内容，如下图：

image.png

3.1、加载内存中的配置

  • 需要引入包：Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration
  • 主要方法：builder.AddInMemoryCollection()
static void Main(string[] args)
{
    IConfigurationBuilder builder = new ConfigurationBuilder();
    var memoryData = new Dictionary<string, string>();
    memoryData.Add("Student:Code", "10002385");
    memoryData.Add("Student:Name", "LiuSan");

    builder.AddInMemoryCollection(memoryData);
    IConfigurationRoot configurationRoot = builder.Build();
    IConfigurationSection configurationSection = configurationRoot.GetSection("Student");

    Console.WriteLine($"Code:{configurationSection["Code"]}");
    Console.WriteLine($"Name:{configurationSection["Name"]}");        

    Console.Read();
}

 

3.2、加载环境变量中的配置

  • 需要引入包：Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration.EnvironmentVariables
  • 主要方法：builder.AddEnvironmentVariables()
  • 环境变量中层级关系使用 __ 代替 :

image.png

 

 1 static void Main(string[] args)
 2 {
 3     IConfigurationBuilder builder = new ConfigurationBuilder();
 4     builder.AddEnvironmentVariables();
 5     IConfigurationRoot configurationRoot = builder.Build();
 6     IConfigurationSection configurationSection = configurationRoot.GetSection("Student");
 7 
 8     Console.WriteLine($"Code:{configurationSection["Code"]}");
 9     Console.WriteLine($"Name:{configurationSection["Name"]}");
10 
11     Console.Read();
12 }

 

3.3、加载命令行中的配置

  • 需要引入包：Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration.CommandLine
  • 主要方法：builder.AddCommandLine(args)
  • 命令行中使用–表示配置项，层级关系使用:

image.png

 

 1 static void Main(string[] args)
 2 {
 3     IConfigurationBuilder builder = new ConfigurationBuilder();
 4     builder.AddCommandLine(args);
 5     IConfigurationRoot configurationRoot = builder.Build();
 6     IConfigurationSection configurationSection = configurationRoot.GetSection("Student");
 7 
 8     Console.WriteLine($"Code:{configurationSection["Code"]}");
 9     Console.WriteLine($"Name:{configurationSection["Name"]}");
10 
11     Console.Read();
12 }

 

3.4、加载Json中的配置

  • 需要引入包：Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration.Json
  • 主要方法：builder.AddJsonFile(“appsettings.json”)

image.png

 

 1 static void Main(string[] args)
 2 {
 3     IConfigurationBuilder builder = new ConfigurationBuilder();
 4     builder.AddJsonFile("appsettings.json");
 5     IConfigurationRoot configurationRoot = builder.Build();
 6     IConfigurationSection configurationSection = configurationRoot.GetSection("Student");
 7 
 8     Console.WriteLine($"Code:{configurationSection["Code"]}");
 9     Console.WriteLine($"Name:{configurationSection["Name"]}");
10 
11     Console.Read();
12 }

 

3.5、加载xml中的配置

  • 需要引入包：Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration.Xml
  • 主要方法：builder.AddXmlFile(“appsettings.xml”)
  • xml中不会读取最外层，所以Section必需从第二层开始

image.png

 

 1 static void Main(string[] args)
 2 {
 3     IConfigurationBuilder builder = new ConfigurationBuilder();
 4     builder.AddXmlFile("appsettings.xml");
 5     IConfigurationRoot configurationRoot = builder.Build();
 6     IConfigurationSection configurationSection = configurationRoot.GetSection("Student");
 7 
 8     Console.WriteLine($"Code:{configurationSection["Code"]}");
 9     Console.WriteLine($"Name:{configurationSection["Name"]}");
10 
11     Console.Read();
12 }

 

四、高级配置

4.1、将配置绑定至强对象

  • 需要引入包：Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration.Binder
  • 主要方法：configurationRoot.GetSection(“Student”).Bind(student)
 1 class Program
 2     {
 3         static void Main(string[] args)
 4         {
 5             IConfigurationBuilder builder = new ConfigurationBuilder();
 6             builder.AddJsonFile("appsettings.json");
 7             IConfigurationRoot configurationRoot = builder.Build();
 8 
 9             var student = new Student();
10             configurationRoot.GetSection("Student").Bind(student);
11 
12             Console.WriteLine($"Code:{student.Code}");
13             Console.WriteLine($"Name:{student.Name}");
14 
15             Console.Read();
16         }
17     }
18 
19     class Student
20     {
21         public string Code { get; set; }
22 
23         public string Name { get; set; }
24     }

 

4.2、IOptions

  • 需要引入包：Microsoft.Extensins.Options
  • 需要引入包：Microsoft.Extensions.Options.ConfigurationExtensions
  • 本质其实就是将一个Section配置节点映射到一个实体对象

image.png

 1 class Program
 2     {
 3         static void Main(string[] args)
 4         {
 5             IConfigurationBuilder builder = new ConfigurationBuilder();
 6             builder.AddJsonFile("appsettings.json");
 7             IConfigurationRoot configurationRoot = builder.Build();
 8 
 9             IServiceCollection services = new ServiceCollection();
10             services.Configure<WeixinOptions>(configurationRoot.GetSection("WeixinSetting"));
11             services.AddScoped<IWeixinService, WeixinService>();
12 
13             var provider = services.BuildServiceProvider();
14             var weixinService = provider.GetService<IWeixinService>();
15             string appId = weixinService.AppId;
16             string token = weixinService.Token;
17 
18             Console.Read();
19         }
20     }
21 
22     interface IWeixinService
23     {
24         string AppId { get; }
25         string Token { get; }
26     }
27 
28     class WeixinService: IWeixinService
29     {
30         IOptions<WeixinOptions> _options;
31         public WeixinService(IOptions<WeixinOptions> options)
32         {
33             _options = options;
34         }
35 
36         public string AppId { get => _options.Value.AppId; }
37         public string Token { get => _options.Value.Token;}
38     }
39 
40     class WeixinOptions
41     {
42         public string AppId { get; set; }
43 
44         public string Token { get; set; }
45     }

 

4.3、热更新

  • IConfigurationBuilder添加数据源时设置reloadOnChange=true
  • 监听的核心方法：var token = configurationRoot.GetReloadToken()
 1 static void Main(string[] args)
 2         {
 3             IConfigurationBuilder builder = new ConfigurationBuilder();
 4             builder.AddJsonFile("appsettings.json", optional:false, reloadOnChange:true);
 5             IConfigurationRoot configurationRoot = builder.Build();
 6             IConfigurationSection configurationSection = configurationRoot.GetSection("Student");
 7 
 8             var token = configurationRoot.GetReloadToken();
 9             ChangeToken.OnChange(() => configurationRoot.GetReloadToken(), () => 
10             {
11                 Console.WriteLine("配置发生改变了...");
12                 Console.WriteLine($"Code:{configurationSection["Code"]}");
13                 Console.WriteLine($"Name:{configurationSection["Name"]}");
14             });           
15 
16             Console.Read();
17         }

 

五、总结

  • 配置就是key-value键值对字符串
  • IConfiguration和IConfigurationRoot是对键值对的抽象
  • IConfigurationBuilder用于构建IConfiguration和IConfigurationRoot
  • IConfigurationSource是对数据源的抽象
  • IConfigurationProvider将不同来源的IConfigurationSource 转为统一的模型
  • IOptions方便将不同的配置节点(Path)映射为对应的强类型对象
  • IConfigurationBuilder添加多个数据源（IConfigurationSource）后，如果key重名，则以最后一个配置为准(覆盖前面)

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