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Flink异步之矛-锋利的Async I/O

  • 2020 年 2 月 10 日
  • 筆記

在Flink 流处理过程中,经常需要和外部系统进行交互,用维度表补全事实表中的字段。

例如:在电商场景中,需要一个商品的skuid去关联商品的一些属性,例如商品所属行业、商品的生产厂家、生产厂家的一些情况;在物流场景中,知道包裹id,需要去关联包裹的行业属性、发货信息、收货信息等等。

默认情况下,在Flink的MapFunction中,单个并行只能用同步方式去交互: 将请求发送到外部存储,IO阻塞,等待请求返回,然后继续发送下一个请求。这种同步交互的方式往往在网络等待上就耗费了大量时间。为了提高处理效率,可以增加MapFunction的并行度,但增加并行度就意味着更多的资源,并不是一种非常好的解决方式。

Async I/O异步非阻塞请求

Flink 在1.2中引入了Async I/O,在异步模式下,将IO操作异步化,单个并行可以连续发送多个请求,哪个请求先返回就先处理,从而在连续的请求间不需要阻塞式等待,大大提高了流处理效率。

Async I/O 是阿里巴巴贡献给社区的一个呼声非常高的特性,解决与外部系统交互时网络延迟成为了系统瓶颈的问题。

图中棕色的长条表示等待时间,可以发现网络等待时间极大地阻碍了吞吐和延迟。为了解决同步访问的问题,异步模式可以并发地处理多个请求和回复。也就是说,你可以连续地向数据库发送用户a、b、c等的请求,与此同时,哪个请求的回复先返回了就处理哪个回复,从而连续的请求之间不需要阻塞等待,如上图右边所示。这也正是 Async I/O 的实现原理。

详细的原理可以参考文末给出的第一个链接,来自阿里巴巴云邪的分享。

一个简单的例子如下:

public classAsyncIOFunctionTest{      public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {            StreamExecutionEnvironment env = StreamExecutionEnvironment.getExecutionEnvironment();          env.setStreamTimeCharacteristic(TimeCharacteristic.EventTime);          env.setParallelism(1);            Properties p = new Properties();          p.setProperty("bootstrap.servers", "localhost:9092");            DataStreamSource<String> ds = env.addSource(new FlinkKafkaConsumer010<String>("order", new SimpleStringSchema(), p));          ds.print();            SingleOutputStreamOperator<Order> order = ds                  .map(new MapFunction<String, Order>() {                      @Override                      public Order map(String value) throws Exception {                          return new Gson().fromJson(value, Order.class);                      }                  })                  .assignTimestampsAndWatermarks(new AscendingTimestampExtractor<Order>() {                      @Override                      public long extractAscendingTimestamp(Order element) {                          try {                              return element.getOrderTime();                          } catch (Exception e) {                              e.printStackTrace();                          }                          return 0;                      }                  })                  .keyBy(new KeySelector<Order, String>() {                      @Override                      public String getKey(Order value) throws Exception {                          return value.getUserId();                      }                  })                  .window(TumblingEventTimeWindows.of(Time.minutes(10)))                  .maxBy("orderTime");            SingleOutputStreamOperator<Tuple7<String, String, Integer, String, String, String, Long>> operator = AsyncDataStream                  .unorderedWait(order, new RichAsyncFunction<Order, Tuple7<String, String, Integer, String, String, String, Long>>() {                        private Connection connection;                        @Override                      public void open(Configuration parameters) throws Exception {                          super.open(parameters);                          Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");                          connection = DriverManager.getConnection("url", "user", "pwd");                          connection.setAutoCommit(false);                      }                        @Override                      public void asyncInvoke(Order input, ResultFuture<Tuple7<String, String, Integer, String, String, String, Long>> resultFuture) throws Exception {                          List<Tuple7<String, String, Integer, String, String, String, Long>> list = new ArrayList<>();                          // 在 asyncInvoke 方法中异步查询数据库                          String userId = input.getUserId();                          Statement statement = connection.createStatement();                          ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery("select name,age,sex from user where userid=" + userId);                          if (resultSet != null && resultSet.next()) {                              String name = resultSet.getString("name");                              int age = resultSet.getInt("age");                              String sex = resultSet.getString("sex");                              Tuple7<String, String, Integer, String, String, String, Long> res = Tuple7.of(userId, name, age, sex, input.getOrderId(), input.getPrice(), input.getOrderTime());                              list.add(res);                          }                            // 将数据搜集                          resultFuture.complete(list);                      }                        @Override                      public void close() throws Exception {                          super.close();                          if (connection != null) {                              connection.close();                          }                      }                  }, 5000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,100);            operator.print();              env.execute("AsyncIOFunctionTest");      }  }

上述代码中,原始订单流来自Kafka,去关联维度表将订单的用户信息取出来。从上面示例中可看到,我们在open()中创建连接对象,在close()方法中关闭连接,在RichAsyncFunction的asyncInvoke()方法中,直接查询数据库操作,并将数据返回出去。这样一个简单异步请求就完成了。

Async I/O的原理和基本用法

简单的来说,使用 Async I/O 对应到 Flink 的 API 就是 RichAsyncFunction 这个抽象类,继层这个抽象类实现里面的open(初始化),asyncInvoke(数据异步调用),close(停止的一些操作)方法,最主要的是实现asyncInvoke 里面的方法。

我们先来看一个使用Async I/O的模板方法:

  // This example implements the asynchronous request and callback with Futures that have the  // interface of Java 8's futures (which is the same one followed by Flink's Future)    /**   * An implementation of the 'AsyncFunction' that sends requests and sets the callback.   */  classAsyncDatabaseRequestextendsRichAsyncFunction<String, Tuple2<String, String>> {        /** The database specific client that can issue concurrent requests with callbacks */      private transient DatabaseClient client;        @Override      publicvoidopen(Configuration parameters) throws Exception {          client = new DatabaseClient(host, post, credentials);      }        @Override      publicvoidclose() throws Exception {          client.close();      }        @Override      publicvoidasyncInvoke(String key, final ResultFuture<Tuple2<String, String>> resultFuture) throws Exception {            // issue the asynchronous request, receive a future for result          final Future<String> result = client.query(key);            // set the callback to be executed once the request by the client is complete          // the callback simply forwards the result to the result future          CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<String>() {                @Override              public String get() {                  try {                      return result.get();                  } catch (InterruptedException | ExecutionException e) {                      // Normally handled explicitly.                      return null;                  }              }          }).thenAccept( (String dbResult) -> {              resultFuture.complete(Collections.singleton(new Tuple2<>(key, dbResult)));          });      }  }    // create the original stream  DataStream<String> stream = ...;    // apply the async I/O transformation  DataStream<Tuple2<String, String>> resultStream =      AsyncDataStream.unorderedWait(stream, new AsyncDatabaseRequest(), 1000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS, 100);  

假设我们一个场景是需要进行异步请求其他数据库,那么要实现一个通过异步I/O来操作数据库还需要三个步骤:   

1、实现用来分发请求的AsyncFunction   

2、获取操作结果的callback,并将它提交到AsyncCollector中   

3、将异步I/O操作转换成DataStream

其中的两个重要的参数:Timeouttimeout 定义了异步操作过了多长时间后会被丢弃,这个参数是防止了死的或者失败的请求 Capacity 这个参数定义了可以同时处理多少个异步请求。虽然异步I/O方法会带来更好的吞吐量,但是算子仍然会成为流应用的瓶颈。超过限制的并发请求数量会产生背压。

几个需要注意的点:

  • 使用Async I/O,需要外部存储有支持异步请求的客户端。
  • 使用Async I/O,继承RichAsyncFunction(接口AsyncFunction的抽象类),重写或实现open(建立连接)、close(关闭连接)、asyncInvoke(异步调用)3个方法即可。
  • 使用Async I/O, 最好结合缓存一起使用,可减少请求外部存储的次数,提高效率。
  • Async I/O 提供了Timeout参数来控制请求最长等待时间。默认,异步I/O请求超时时,会引发异常并重启或停止作业。如果要处理超时,可以重写AsyncFunction#timeout方法。
  • Async I/O 提供了Capacity参数控制请求并发数,一旦Capacity被耗尽,会触发反压机制来抑制上游数据的摄入。
  • Async I/O 输出提供乱序和顺序两种模式。 乱序, 用AsyncDataStream.unorderedWait(...) API,每个并行的输出顺序和输入顺序可能不一致。 顺序, 用AsyncDataStream.orderedWait(...) API,每个并行的输出顺序和输入顺序一致。为保证顺序,需要在输出的Buffer中排序,该方式效率会低一些。

由于新合入的 Blink 相关功能,使得 Flink 1.9 实现维表功能很简单。如果你要使用该功能,那就需要自己引入 Blink 的 Planner。

<dependency>      <groupId>org.apache.flink</groupId>      <artifactId>flink-table-planner-blink_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>      <version>${flink.version}</version>  </dependency>

然后我们只要自定义实现 LookupableTableSource 接口,同时实现里面的方法就可以进行,下面来分析一下 LookupableTableSource的代码:

public interfaceLookupableTableSource<T> extendsTableSource<T> {       TableFunction<T> getLookupFunction(String[] lookupKeys);       AsyncTableFunction<T> getAsyncLookupFunction(String[] lookupKeys);       booleanisAsyncEnabled();  }

这三个方法分别是:

  • isAsyncEnabled 方法主要表示该表是否支持异步访问外部数据源获取数据,当返回 true 时,那么在注册到 TableEnvironment 后,使用时会返回异步函数进行调用,当返回 false 时,则使同步访问函数。
  • getLookupFunction 方法返回一个同步访问外部数据系统的函数,什么意思呢,就是你通过 Key 去查询外部数据库,需要等到返回数据后才继续处理数据,这会对系统处理的吞吐率有影响。
  • getAsyncLookupFunction 方法则是返回一个异步的函数,异步访问外部数据系统,获取数据,这能极大的提升系统吞吐率。

我们抛开同步访问函数不管。对于getAsyncLookupFunction会返回异步访问外部数据源的函数,如果你想使用异步函数,前提是 LookupableTableSource 的 isAsyncEnabled 方法返回 true 才能使用。使用异步函数访问外部数据系统,一般是外部系统有异步访问客户端,如果没有的话,可以自己使用线程池异步访问外部系统。例如:

public classMyAsyncLookupFunctionextendsAsyncTableFunction<Row> {      private transient RedisAsyncCommands<String, String> async;      @Override      publicvoidopen(FunctionContext context) throws Exception {          RedisClient redisClient = RedisClient.create("redis://127.0.0.1:6379");          StatefulRedisConnection<String, String> connection = redisClient.connect();          async = connection.async();      }      publicvoideval(CompletableFuture<Collection<Row>> future, Object... params) {          redisFuture.thenAccept(new Consumer<String>() {              @Override              publicvoidaccept(String value) {                  future.complete(Collections.singletonList(Row.of(key, value)));              }          });      }  }

一个完整的例子如下:

Main方法:

import org.apache.flink.api.common.functions.MapFunction;  import org.apache.flink.api.common.serialization.SimpleStringSchema;  import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeinfo.TypeInformation;  import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeinfo.Types;  import org.apache.flink.api.java.typeutils.RowTypeInfo;  import org.apache.flink.api.java.utils.ParameterTool;  import org.apache.flink.streaming.api.datastream.DataStream;  import org.apache.flink.streaming.api.environment.StreamExecutionEnvironment;  import org.apache.flink.streaming.connectors.kafka.FlinkKafkaProducer011;  import org.apache.flink.table.api.EnvironmentSettings;  import org.apache.flink.table.api.Table;  import org.apache.flink.table.api.java.StreamTableEnvironment;  import org.apache.flink.types.Row;  import org.junit.Test;    import java.util.Properties;    public classLookUpAsyncTest{        @Test      public void test() throws Exception {          LookUpAsyncTest.main(new String[]{});      }        public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {          StreamExecutionEnvironment env = StreamExecutionEnvironment.getExecutionEnvironment();          //env.setParallelism(1);          EnvironmentSettings settings = EnvironmentSettings.newInstance().useBlinkPlanner().inStreamingMode().build();          StreamTableEnvironment tableEnv = StreamTableEnvironment.create(env, settings);            final ParameterTool params = ParameterTool.fromArgs(args);          String fileName = params.get("f");          DataStream<String> source = env.readTextFile("hdfs://172.16.44.28:8020" + fileName, "UTF-8");            TypeInformation[] types = new TypeInformation[]{Types.STRING, Types.STRING, Types.LONG};          String[] fields = new String[]{"id", "user_click", "time"};          RowTypeInfo typeInformation = new RowTypeInfo(types, fields);            DataStream<Row> stream = source.map(new MapFunction<String, Row>() {              private static final long serialVersionUID = 2349572543469673349L;                @Override              public Row map(String s) {                  String[] split = s.split(",");                  Row row = new Row(split.length);                  for (int i = 0; i < split.length; i++) {                        Object value = split[i];                      if (types[i].equals(Types.STRING)) {                          value = split[i];                      }                      if (types[i].equals(Types.LONG)) {                          value = Long.valueOf(split[i]);                      }                      row.setField(i, value);                  }                  return row;              }          }).returns(typeInformation);            tableEnv.registerDataStream("user_click_name", stream, String.join(",", typeInformation.getFieldNames()) + ",proctime.proctime");            RedisAsyncLookupTableSource tableSource = RedisAsyncLookupTableSource.Builder.newBuilder()                  .withFieldNames(new String[]{"id", "name"})                  .withFieldTypes(new TypeInformation[]{Types.STRING, Types.STRING})                  .build();          tableEnv.registerTableSource("info", tableSource);            String sql = "select t1.id,t1.user_click,t2.name" +                  " from user_click_name as t1" +                  " join info FOR SYSTEM_TIME AS OF t1.proctime as t2" +                  " on t1.id = t2.id";            Table table = tableEnv.sqlQuery(sql);            DataStream<Row> result = tableEnv.toAppendStream(table, Row.class);            DataStream<String> printStream = result.map(new MapFunction<Row, String>() {              @Override              public String map(Row value) throws Exception {                  return value.toString();              }          });            Properties properties = new Properties();          properties.setProperty("bootstrap.servers", "127.0.0.1:9094");          FlinkKafkaProducer011<String> kafkaProducer = new FlinkKafkaProducer011<>(                  "user_click_name",                  new SimpleStringSchema(),                  properties);          printStream.addSink(kafkaProducer);            tableEnv.execute(Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[1].getClassName());      }  }

RedisAsyncLookupTableSource方法:

import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeinfo.TypeInformation;  import org.apache.flink.api.java.typeutils.RowTypeInfo;  import org.apache.flink.streaming.api.datastream.DataStream;  import org.apache.flink.streaming.api.environment.StreamExecutionEnvironment;  import org.apache.flink.table.api.TableSchema;  import org.apache.flink.table.functions.AsyncTableFunction;  import org.apache.flink.table.functions.TableFunction;  import org.apache.flink.table.sources.LookupableTableSource;  import org.apache.flink.table.sources.StreamTableSource;  import org.apache.flink.table.types.DataType;  import org.apache.flink.table.types.utils.TypeConversions;  import org.apache.flink.types.Row;    public classRedisAsyncLookupTableSourceimplementsStreamTableSource<Row>, LookupableTableSource<Row> {        private final String[] fieldNames;      private final TypeInformation[] fieldTypes;        publicRedisAsyncLookupTableSource(String[] fieldNames, TypeInformation[] fieldTypes) {         this.fieldNames = fieldNames;          this.fieldTypes = fieldTypes;      }        //同步方法      @Override      public TableFunction<Row> getLookupFunction(String[] strings) {          return null;      }        //异步方法      @Override      public AsyncTableFunction<Row> getAsyncLookupFunction(String[] strings) {          return MyAsyncLookupFunction.Builder.getBuilder()                  .withFieldNames(fieldNames)                  .withFieldTypes(fieldTypes)                  .build();      }        //开启异步      @Override      publicbooleanisAsyncEnabled() {          return true;      }        @Override      public DataType getProducedDataType() {          return TypeConversions.fromLegacyInfoToDataType(new RowTypeInfo(fieldTypes, fieldNames));      }        @Override      public TableSchema getTableSchema() {          return TableSchema.builder()                  .fields(fieldNames, TypeConversions.fromLegacyInfoToDataType(fieldTypes))                  .build();      }        @Override      public DataStream<Row> getDataStream(StreamExecutionEnvironment environment) {          throw new UnsupportedOperationException("do not support getDataStream");      }        public static final classBuilder{          private String[] fieldNames;          private TypeInformation[] fieldTypes;            privateBuilder() {          }            publicstatic Builder newBuilder() {              return new Builder();          }            public Builder withFieldNames(String[] fieldNames) {              this.fieldNames = fieldNames;              return this;          }            public Builder withFieldTypes(TypeInformation[] fieldTypes) {              this.fieldTypes = fieldTypes;              return this;          }            public RedisAsyncLookupTableSource build() {              return new RedisAsyncLookupTableSource(fieldNames, fieldTypes);          }      }  }

MyAsyncLookupFunction

import io.lettuce.core.RedisClient;  import io.lettuce.core.RedisFuture;  import io.lettuce.core.api.StatefulRedisConnection;  import io.lettuce.core.api.async.RedisAsyncCommands;  import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeinfo.TypeInformation;  import org.apache.flink.api.java.typeutils.RowTypeInfo;  import org.apache.flink.table.functions.AsyncTableFunction;  import org.apache.flink.table.functions.FunctionContext;  import org.apache.flink.types.Row;    import java.util.Collection;  import java.util.Collections;  import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;  import java.util.function.Consumer;    public classMyAsyncLookupFunctionextendsAsyncTableFunction<Row> {        private final String[] fieldNames;      private final TypeInformation[] fieldTypes;        private transient RedisAsyncCommands<String, String> async;        publicMyAsyncLookupFunction(String[] fieldNames, TypeInformation[] fieldTypes) {          this.fieldNames = fieldNames;          this.fieldTypes = fieldTypes;      }        @Override      publicvoidopen(FunctionContext context) {          //配置redis异步连接          RedisClient redisClient = RedisClient.create("redis://127.0.0.1:6379");          StatefulRedisConnection<String, String> connection = redisClient.connect();          async = connection.async();      }        //每一条流数据都会调用此方法进行join      publicvoideval(CompletableFuture<Collection<Row>> future, Object... paramas) {          //表名、主键名、主键值、列名          String[] info = {"userInfo", "userId", paramas[0].toString(), "userName"};          String key = String.join(":", info);          RedisFuture<String> redisFuture = async.get(key);            redisFuture.thenAccept(new Consumer<String>() {              @Override              publicvoidaccept(String value) {                  future.complete(Collections.singletonList(Row.of(key, value)));              }          });      }        @Override      public TypeInformation<Row> getResultType() {          return new RowTypeInfo(fieldTypes, fieldNames);      }        public static final classBuilder{          private String[] fieldNames;          private TypeInformation[] fieldTypes;            private Builder() {          }            public static Builder getBuilder() {              return new Builder();          }            public Builder withFieldNames(String[] fieldNames) {              this.fieldNames = fieldNames;              return this;          }            public Builder withFieldTypes(TypeInformation[] fieldTypes) {              this.fieldTypes = fieldTypes;              return this;          }            public MyAsyncLookupFunction build() {              return new MyAsyncLookupFunction(fieldNames, fieldTypes);          }      }  }

使用Async十分需要注意的几个点:

1、 外部数据源必须是异步客户端:如果是线程安全的,你可以不加 transient 关键字,初始化一次。否则,你需要加上 transient,不对其进行初始化,而在 open 方法中,为每个 Task 实例初始化一个。

2、eval 方法中多了一个 CompletableFuture,当异步访问完成时,需要调用其方法进行处理。比如上面例子中的:

redisFuture.thenAccept(new Consumer<String>() {              @Override              public void accept(String value) {                  future.complete(Collections.singletonList(Row.of(key, value)));              }          });

3、社区虽然提供异步关联维度表的功能,但事实上大数据量下关联外部系统维表仍然会成为系统的瓶颈,所以一般我们会在同步函数和异步函数中加入缓存。综合并发、易用、实时更新和多版本等因素考虑,Hbase可能是最理想的外部维表。

参考文章:

http://wuchong.me/blog/2017/05/17/flink-internals-async-io/#

https://www.jianshu.com/p/d8f99d94b761

https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=65870673

https://www.jianshu.com/p/7ce84f978ae0